tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20544410219228636562024-03-15T16:17:39.428+08:00馬來西亞著名評論家—謝詩堅—“飛揚網絡”Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.comBlogger3788125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-43188462008580409432024-03-14T17:56:00.000+08:002024-03-14T17:56:16.070+08:00一带一路10周年圆桌会议与座谈会:槟城与中国的丝路故事:回顾与展望<h3 style="text-align: left;">谢诗坚讲话要点: 槟城与一带一路的微妙关系</h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strike style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWDTVe5sdbKqWdsOW8HD77_vQI4AURIiCzODU-ecumToHZeMj-CoXv8diP6tdw-RuojiEReNxpNIUCBwaSnTq6SeJBRXxLfsP7s-cM7dPDS9mXMnvOLHmNbDvbR6kGn4JFhdy1s5_flsjC4dQ6WOc7ofQc6CE81YSQG1tztyCpTh6dbAEBfucXexhwe_Ea/w400-h300/68fd6b3ffa1692f039ede22843188dba-1.jpg" width="400" /></strike></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin-Be30ac6R8Kz6tBMXy9yabW4M6F0w-D6oNyFDSIzdznJVPspQwyIkqGkekCMTjF-Nq0ZpLsp0yNaOVgTe7-ouJNO3nsQnrEf9e13v1C4kKgAnqNur_mtXZylnnEVSr4ooe_xW-JuOQ7d0YUNdpW5LHAPoaPFqRuV-nsjKKmyh1kQsTrsyebIWW0mnCet/s2000/68fd6b3ffa1692f039ede22843188dba-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">当中国国家主席习近平于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2013<span lang="ZH-CN">年提出“一带一路”倡议时,他是分开两个阶段阐述陆地上的丝绸之路与海上丝绸之路。第一个阶段是在</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月出访哈萨克时提出复兴历史上的“陆上丝绸之路”,而在</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">月访问印尼时则提出第二阶段的“海上丝绸之路”。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">为什么分为“陆上”和“海上”?这其中又有什么异同?原来陆上丝绸之路是于两千年前由西汉(公元前</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">202<span lang="ZH-CN">年至公元</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">年)汉武帝派遣张骞出使西域,从长安出发,经过河西走廊到达中亚国家,再进入地中海,在罗马是为终点,全长</span>6440<span lang="ZH-CN">公里,昔日称为“陆上丝绸之路”,如今则统称为“大陆桥”。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">至于第二阶段的“丝绸之路”由谁开辟虽然有一定的争议,但比较客观和具有历史根据的是在唐朝时的一位高僧义净法师(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">635-713<span lang="ZH-CN">)开拓的第一条航海路线图。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">(一)义净法师是在公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">671<span lang="ZH-CN">年(唐太宗在位年代)得到州官冯孝全的资助,于</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月从番禺(今广州)乘搭波斯商船抵达泰南洛坤和吉打羯荼,旋经马六甲海峡进入末罗瑜(印尼占碑),而后抵达印度,并在各处圣地朝礼。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">685<span lang="ZH-CN">年,义净法师乘船回到番禺,又于同年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月再赴古佛逝国(苏门答腊)取经,以巨港(</span>Palembang<span lang="ZH-CN">)为王都。公元</span>695<span lang="ZH-CN">年,义净法师告别古佛逝国回到洛阳,被武则天皇帝迎于东门外。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">义净法师是与法显法师(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">334-420<span lang="ZH-CN">)及唐玄奘(</span>602-664<span lang="ZH-CN">)(西游记中的唐三藏)在后来被誉为中国三大著名高僧。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">专门研究义净法师历史的邓鸿瑞博士(原澳洲大学电机工程博士,后任教于美国波多黎谷理工大学电机工程系教授,如今已退休,专研佛法)在其著作《寻找义净大师的足迹》中这样说:在唐代,羯荼古国已是一个重要的海港,提供来自中国、印度及阿拉伯国家的船只进行贸易。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">旋后,来自理大的考古学者在羯荼古国遗址挖掘时,找到不少唐宋元时期的各类文物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">羯荼帝国位于今时吉打的布秧谷,离亚罗士打西南</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">50<span lang="ZH-CN">公里的地区,有</span>400<span lang="ZH-CN">平方公里。已出土</span>87<span lang="ZH-CN">所古建筑,其中</span>60 <span lang="ZH-CN">所是庙宇。政府也已在这个地点建了一座布秧河谷考古博物馆。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">当年在吉打逗留约半年的义净法师也留下他的历史踪迹。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">中国除了于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2023<span lang="ZH-CN">年在济南举行“义净文化论坛”外,我国团结部也将在</span>7<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">日与中国联办“义净法师国际大会”。若能成事,将是马来西亚回佛对话的新开端,必然能从历史文物和记录中印证华巫印族在很早的时候已是一起生活在这块土地上。因此任何鼓吹种族主义的政客如果能从布秧谷中找到历史的印记,肯定不会对不同的种族存有不同的偏见,也不会贸然认为一向以来这是属于单一种族的国家。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">从唐朝(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">618-907<span lang="ZH-CN">)建国的</span>289<span lang="ZH-CN">年中,东南亚基本上是一个印度化的国家,例如柬埔寨(扶南)、越南(占婆)、北大年(狼牙修)(今属泰国领土)及吉打羯荼,及后</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">出现</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在印尼的是室利佛逝(三佛齐)(其中</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">9<span lang="ZH-CN">世纪以来,室利佛逝迁都占碑(</span>Jambi<span lang="ZH-CN">),又将末罗瑜(</span>Melayu<span lang="ZH-CN">)王国占有。末罗瑜在后来成为马来人的专用名词)、中爪哇(刹朗特拉王朝)、满者伯夷王朝及在爪哇的玛打萳王朝等。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">这些印度化的国家到了</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">13<span lang="ZH-CN">世纪(</span>1207<span lang="ZH-CN">年)已走向没落。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在这之后,马来亚兴起信奉回教的潮流,那就是在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1402<span lang="ZH-CN">年由拜里米苏拉(</span>Parameswara<span lang="ZH-CN">)在马六甲所创立的马六甲王朝。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">事缘在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">14<span lang="ZH-CN">世纪末,有一位来自巨港的王子拜里米苏拉因不堪满者伯夷(苏门答腊国王)的压迫(他因娶了国王的女儿为妻),终于兵戎相见。在战败后,拜里米苏拉逃到新加坡(单马锡)立足,后又被暹罗军驱赶。辗转来到马六甲,一个独立王朝就在马六甲建立起来(</span>1403<span lang="ZH-CN">年)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">他原是印度教的教徒,在改信回教后,改称伊斯干陀沙。就这样,回教进入了东南亚。为求中国的保护,拜里米苏拉在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1405<span lang="ZH-CN">年抵达南京(金陵),确定了马中的友好关系。而马来亚也在日后成为回教的主要地盘,取代了印度教,但南来的华人带来了佛教和道教也就分别在各地零星的保存下来。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">(二)马来亚从印度化演变成回教国家后,与中国的友好关系并没有改变。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1405<span lang="ZH-CN">年,明成祖(朱元璋第四公子)朱棣在政变中取得大权后,对郑和恩宠有加,因郑和协助朱棣在乱局中登位有功,乃在</span>1404<span lang="ZH-CN">年将其原名马三保改名为郑和。从此这个人成为历史上家喻户晓的大人物。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">马三宝本只是一名太监,后来被尊称为“三保太监”。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">也是在这一年(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1405<span lang="ZH-CN">年),在获得御准下,郑和率领</span>7<span lang="ZH-CN">千余名军人,带着皇帝的诏书和大量的黄金、绵帛、瓷器等文物分成</span>62<span lang="ZH-CN">艘大木舰从刘家港(江苏太仓县刘河口)出发,经过福建沿南海行。先到占城(越南南部),又陆续到达南洋和印度洋沿岸各国。每到一国,郑和就宣示明朝皇帝的诏书,以示中国的伟大。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">郑和的航海事业终于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1433<span lang="ZH-CN">年,前后</span>28<span lang="ZH-CN">年。这期间,郑和一共航海</span>7<span lang="ZH-CN">次,其中</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">次经过马六甲海峡。除了有庞大的武装外,足迹也是远达非洲的东岸。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">根据历史学家林莲在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1961<span lang="ZH-CN">年出版的《中国历史讲话》中有一段是这样描述郑和之行的:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">“郑和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">7<span lang="ZH-CN">次航海,前后经过</span>36<span lang="ZH-CN">个国家,他的工作是艰巨的,不但要和惊涛骇浪作战,而且在必要时还得使用武力和敌对的力量周旋。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">郑和的出使西洋也大大地开拓了中国在印度洋和南洋群岛的市场。他的航海不仅是中国历史上空前的壮举,而且是世界航海史上的伟大行动。”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">(正是印度洋和南中国海的重要战略地位,今天已成为美国压制和遏制中国军力崛起的核心地带)</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">即便郑和比哥伦布发现新大陆要早了</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">80<span lang="ZH-CN">年,但有人质问为何中国没有占有外面的任何土地,只是突显国威,而花费的经费更是无从计算,是不是中国没有侵略的野心;加上中国人的思想狭隘与过于自信,没有动过扩大领土的念头?</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">及至后来,也有后人不甚明白,西方国家侵略其他国家而被指“政治正确”,带来文明和发展;反之,中国并没有占有任何的土地,却在后来蒙受百年的屈辱。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">有人因此争议说,如果中国在郑和时代就捷足先登拿下未开垦的土地带入文明和发展,那么世界肯定不会是今天这个样子,也不会突显哥伦布的重要性。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">哥伦布(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">Christopher Columbus<span lang="ZH-CN">)(</span>1451-1506<span lang="ZH-CN">)出生于意大利,在</span>1492<span lang="ZH-CN">年被西班牙女王批准出使印度和中国。</span>1493<span lang="ZH-CN">年无功而返。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1496<span lang="ZH-CN">年又回到西班牙,直到第四次出航才落脚在美洲。就这样,他发现了美洲新大陆,也就是后来的美国。这是西方殖民地拓展史上最重要的一页,相比之下,中国封建王朝则是望尘莫及。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">(三)可惜中国在未能意识到古老的封建思想对中国的突破性发展是有阻力的,甚至是不利的。比如中国历代的王朝思想是可以用八个字来概括的,即“普天之下,莫非王土”。这种典型的反世界潮流的思想终于为此付出惨痛的代价。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">既然中国帝王认为世界上所有的土地是皇帝的,为何又对外敌的入侵有所担心?</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">为阻止匈奴的入侵,在秦代时期修建了万里长城,以阻止匈奴来犯。基本上是切割外敌的入侵(但后来又证明无法阻止蒙古人的入侵建立元朝,及满洲人的入侵建立清朝,实在是对封建王朝最大的讽刺),但在那个年代,北方只有在后来纳入中国民族的匈奴和其它少数民族。反而是中国在封建王朝时代犯下最严重的错误,那就是在明清两个朝代竟实施</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">400<span lang="ZH-CN">年的海禁,与外界隔离,又如何能知天下事?</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">如明朝在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1371<span lang="ZH-CN">年至</span>1567<span lang="ZH-CN">年的</span>196<span lang="ZH-CN">年实施海禁,主要目的是防止倭寇入侵,藉此切断了海路让小日本无法得逞。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">同样的,到了清朝时代,也在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1655<span lang="ZH-CN">年至</span>1840<span lang="ZH-CN">年实施海禁,一共是</span>185<span lang="ZH-CN">年。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">明清两朝的海禁同是防止外敌入侵,但防范得了吗?如今回想起来,只觉得封建王朝帝王思想的愚蠢与落后,竟不知天外有天,国外有国。同时最严重的是,这个世界有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">70%<span lang="ZH-CN">是海洋,也只有</span>30%<span lang="ZH-CN">是陆地,而陆地扣除南极和北极、沙漠及无人烟的大丛林外,所留下的空间也剩下不多。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">最严重的是,当中国禁止鸦片由英输入原本是天经地义的正义行动,以阻止鸦片荼毒人民。但英商反而强词夺理,指责中方损害英商利益,在本身没有充足的武装下,也就在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1840<span lang="ZH-CN">年爆发鸦片战争。这一仗,清廷大败,除了割地赔偿,将香港岛割予英国外,英国也迫使中国开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海五处为通商口岸。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">从那个时候起,中国人注定成为悲剧人物,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1860<span lang="ZH-CN">年第二次鸦片战争中,圆明园不但被焚毁,而且又将九龙半岛割让给英国。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">及后在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1894<span lang="ZH-CN">年又爆发甲午战争,清廷再一败涂地,台湾也被日本占有。在此之后,清廷痛定思痛,仿效日本推行洋务运动(日本的明治维新,起于</span>1858<span lang="ZH-CN">年,而在</span>1889<span lang="ZH-CN">年结束,造就了日本成为军事强国。而清廷的洋务运动起于第二次鸦片战争的</span>1861<span lang="ZH-CN">年,终结</span>1895<span lang="ZH-CN">年,因这一年的甲午战争清廷的军舰全部覆没),清廷的西颦东效,在</span>1900<span lang="ZH-CN">年义和团运动中,再被八国联军打得落花流水。中国人至此已陷入第一次世界大战(</span>1914-1918<span lang="ZH-CN">)的泥潭,其结果又是被美苏英瓜分利益。中国的辛亥革命(</span>1911<span lang="ZH-CN">年)也没有给中国带来实质上的好处,反而形成军阀割据,直到</span>1949<span lang="ZH-CN">年国共战争结束,才分出胜负。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在解放后的中国是一穷二白,又不幸碰上朝鲜战争,也打乱了中国解放台湾的战略,直到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1976<span lang="ZH-CN">年结束文革后,中国才又进入一个和平建设的年代。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在这个过程中,我们看到在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1916<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,第一座欧亚大陆桥由俄罗斯承建,从海参崴到哈尔滨,再通向莫斯科和德国等国家,但这是苏联的工程,与中国无关。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">直到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1990<span lang="ZH-CN">年, 才有了第二座欧亚大陆桥的出现,从江苏的连云港到俄罗斯及德国,在</span>1992<span lang="ZH-CN">年正式通车,展示了中国的列车成就。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">接着,在改革开放的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">40<span lang="ZH-CN">年间(</span>1978-2018<span lang="ZH-CN">),中国已脱胎换骨,成为另一个新中国,这也涉及中国列车的改善进入规划期和调整期。在中国国内方面,开始于</span>1997<span lang="ZH-CN">年到</span>2007<span lang="ZH-CN">年的规划,总共有六次对列车大提速。在规划中,将当前的四纵四横发展成八纵八横,第一阶段已在</span>2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年提前完成;而第二阶段将在</span>2030<span lang="ZH-CN">年完成。到了那个时候,中国国内的列车不但四通八达,时速也大大提升成为名副其实的“高铁”。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">至于与欧洲交接的中欧班列,更是中国人的骄傲,因为这是打进美国后院的最重要的突破。自从</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2016<span lang="ZH-CN">年挂起中欧班列招牌以来,货运列车已川行中国各大城市和港口,也已经通达欧洲</span>22<span lang="ZH-CN">个国家的</span>160<span lang="ZH-CN">个城市。中国希望到了</span>2035<span lang="ZH-CN">年,它将成为国际领先列车的冠军。对此,中国相信未来的高铁将照亮人类前进的道路。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">中欧班列是通过货运列车进入欧洲,其收费不仅比海运和空运便宜,而且更加环保,列车所产生的二氧化碳排量只有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">4%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">按照高铁的标准,在中国国内,时速超过</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">200<span lang="ZH-CN">公里的才可被称为“高铁”,但现代的世界要求更高,时速</span>350<span lang="ZH-CN">公里的高铁也出现了。高铁改变了中国,也改变了世界的交通网络。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">这是一个充满活力的世界,但只有和平才能让我们看到未来,战争则是世界的末日。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在结束之前,我对于“一带一路”有几点补充的意见:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">其一,在清朝时代对来自西方的玩意儿是没有兴趣的,比如在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1876<span lang="ZH-CN">年英国怡和洋行在上海到吴淞建了一条长</span>14.5<span lang="ZH-CN">公里的列车,但在</span>1877<span lang="ZH-CN">年被清廷买下而销毁,简直是不可思议。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">直到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1905<span lang="ZH-CN">年中国才出现第一架由中国人建造的列车,从北京到湖南张家界,全长</span>222<span lang="ZH-CN">公里,在</span>1908<span lang="ZH-CN">年通车。这个人就是后来扬名于世界的詹天佑工程师,毕业于牛津大学。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">但在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1937<span lang="ZH-CN">年爆发中日战争,严重地破坏了铁道,只剩下</span>3793<span lang="ZH-CN">公里可运行。而在战后(</span>1945<span lang="ZH-CN">年)又爆发国共内战,更多的铁路被荒废与捣毁。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">到了</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1949<span lang="ZH-CN">年解放后才有</span>8278<span lang="ZH-CN">公里的列车可运行。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">到了</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1980<span lang="ZH-CN">年全国铁道达</span>49940<span lang="ZH-CN">公里;而到了</span>1990<span lang="ZH-CN">年,已增至</span>66428<span lang="ZH-CN">公里。这印证了在改革开放下,中国正大步前进。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1994<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,中国的列车时速只有每小时</span>48<span lang="ZH-CN">公里。但到了</span>1998<span lang="ZH-CN">年,秦皇岛与沈阳做出试验,证明国产高铁可行,在</span>2003<span lang="ZH-CN">年成功出台时速超过</span>200<span lang="ZH-CN">公里的高铁。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2016<span lang="ZH-CN">年,挂起了“中欧班列”,显然中国货运列车已进入了美国的后院。截至今天,货运额已超过</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">千亿美元。自通欧以来,已开行</span>4<span lang="ZH-CN">万列次。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在中国国内,载客及货运列车也已发展到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">23<span lang="ZH-CN">条,下来中国关注的是如何完成泛亚铁路?</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">按照原计划,隆新高铁将在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年动工,预计</span>2026<span lang="ZH-CN">年通车,全长</span>327.7<span lang="ZH-CN">公里,其中有</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">公里是通过隧道进入新加坡。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">当时政府并未公布造价,因为有关工程尚未招标,不知花落谁家?最大的竞争者是中国和日本。一般估计,造价不少于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1000<span lang="ZH-CN">亿令吉。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">不幸的,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年的大选换上希盟的马哈迪上台,他宣布取消隆新高铁,因马方承受不起其巨额造价。当时有人估计大概耗资</span>1010<span lang="ZH-CN">亿令吉。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">随着高铁的终止,马方须赔偿新加坡</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">3<span lang="ZH-CN">亿余令吉。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">与此同时,马哈迪政府也在同一时候宣布取消中国承建的三条气油管,一是多元石油产品输送管(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">MPP<span lang="ZH-CN">)、二是沙巴天然气输送管(</span>TSGP<span lang="ZH-CN">)和三是由马六甲连接至柔佛的油炼厂管道,总额高达</span>18<span lang="ZH-CN">亿美元。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">虽然在安华时期有人提出重新启动隆新高铁,且将其延长至泰国曼谷,但造价就不知多少了。而政府也迟迟没有动静。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">据知,中国政府现只剩下的大工程是东铁的建造(估计耗资</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">400<span lang="ZH-CN">亿令吉)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">回想</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1994<span lang="ZH-CN">年槟城建造第二大桥时,时任首相阿都拉就向中国总理温家宝达成协议,中方贷出</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">亿美元共建大桥,而总造价是</span>45<span lang="ZH-CN">亿令吉。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">什么时候“一带一路”才能完成整体规划?我们也正期待着。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu-JyWFtPHvwI0vPLPUcROjWOpQx08rEPTbOsEx5esF3BwyHWUVq9ZMpsxw6odNk82PEH69L7cXZFPl2ynzDKy1M7-ddUeJ2CKrUfUunan4rDkdMmsy6VhQvTK9DHDExovHvw5qHonLFrJJSIu6IUI89DmkNkbbDAsj9HeiMLekvPjrF6-_oYFWOkdJs1W/s2000/670c1d55ae7e981559499c6d41eb2e9a-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu-JyWFtPHvwI0vPLPUcROjWOpQx08rEPTbOsEx5esF3BwyHWUVq9ZMpsxw6odNk82PEH69L7cXZFPl2ynzDKy1M7-ddUeJ2CKrUfUunan4rDkdMmsy6VhQvTK9DHDExovHvw5qHonLFrJJSIu6IUI89DmkNkbbDAsj9HeiMLekvPjrF6-_oYFWOkdJs1W/w400-h300/670c1d55ae7e981559499c6d41eb2e9a-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdEP7DMXXrhOwytyaz_Qyf2_2gewL_fQIfaw6_Rz76y3orcL83CIn3JbZGRxkMvFRqZwHTBteyBTVTbqwttgTfHkSOUETgzRzxYza2PDCXWNClwB87iQofpmQSnjYi07T73WpVWvxO4FDZ7ZqOfS6gvghkAb1SbRZvFx4wFMoCmrTbCeaLBbYhvqZDpXy-/w400-h300/670c1d55ae7e981559499c6d41eb2e9a-9.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">When China President Xi Jinping proposed the Belt and Road Initiative
in 2013, he elaborated on the land Silk Road and the maritime Silk Road in two
stages. The first stage was to propose the revival of the historical "Land
Silk Road" when visiting Kazakhstan in September, and the second stage of
the "Maritime Silk Road" was proposed during the visit to Indonesia
in October.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Why is it divided into "land" and "sea"? What are
the similarities and differences between them? It turns out that the Overland
Silk Road was started by Zhang Qian sent by Emperor Wu of the Western Han
Dynasty (202 BC to 8 AD) to the Western Regions two thousand years ago. It
started from Chang'an, passed through the Hexi Corridor to Central Asian
countries, and then entered the Mediterranean. In Rome, it was It is the end
point with a total length of 6,440 kilometers. It used to be called the
"Overland Silk Road", but now it is collectively called the "Land
Bridge".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Although there is some controversy as to who opened the second stage of
the "Silk Road", the more objective and historically based one is the
first navigation route map developed by Master Yijing (635-713), an eminent
monk in the Tang Dynasty. .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">(1) In 671 AD (the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty),
Master Yijing received funding from the state official Feng Xiaoquan. In
November, he took a Persian merchant ship from Panyu (now Guangzhou) to Southern
Thailand Luokhun and Kedah Jitu. Passing through the Straits of Malacca, he
entered Melayu (Jambi, Indonesia), and then arrived in India, where he paid
homage at various holy places.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">In 685 AD, Master Yijing returned to Panyu by boat. In November of the
same year, he went to Srivijaya to learn Buddhist scriptures. During that time,
Palembang was the royal capital. In 695 AD, Master Yijing said goodbye to the
ancient Buddha's country and returned to Luoyang, where he was welcomed by
Emperor Wu Zetian outside the east gate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Master Yijing, together with Master Faxian (334-420) and Tang Xuanzang
(602-664) (Tang Sanzang in Journey to the West), were later known as the three
most famous eminent monks in China.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Dr. Benjamin F C Teng , who specializes in the history of Master Yijing
(PhD in EEC from the University of Queensland, Australia. His last full-time
position was associate research professor in electrical engineering at the
Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan. Now retired, specializing in
Buddhism), in his book "Looking for the Footprints of Master Yijing"
said: In the Tang Dynasty, the ancient kingdom of Jietu (</span><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">羯荼</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">) was
already an important seaport, providing ships from China, India and Arab
countries for trade.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Soon after, archaeologists from USM discovered many cultural relics
from the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties while excavating the ruins of the
ancient Kingdom of Jietu.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">The Jietu Empire was located in the Buyang Valley of present-day Kedah,
an area 50 kilometers southwest of Alor Setar, covering an area of 400 square
kilometers. 87 ancient buildings have been unearthed, 60 of which are temples.
The government has also built a Buyang River Valley Archaeological Museum at
this location.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Master Yijing, who stayed in Kedah for about half a year, also left his
historical traces.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">In addition to the "Yijing Cultural Forum" held in Jinan in
2023, Malaysia government will also co-organize the "Master Yijing
International Conference" with China on July 11. It will be a new chapter
for the dialogue between Muslim and Buddhism, and it will definitely be
confirmed from historical artifacts and records that the Chinese, Malay and
Indian people have lived together on this land very early on. Therefore, if any
politician who advocates racism can find traces of history in Buyang Valley, he
will certainly not have different prejudices against different races, nor will
he rashly believe that this country has always been a single race.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">During the 289 years since the founding of the Tang Dynasty (618-907),
Southeast Asia was basically an Indianized country, such as Cambodia (Funan),
Vietnam (Champa), Pattani (Langkasuka) (now is a part of Thailand) and Kedah Jietu,
and later Srivijaya appeared in Indonesia (since the 9th century, Srivijaya
moved his capital to Jambi, and also occupied the Kingdom of Melayu. At the end
of the century, Srivijaya moved his capital to Jambi). Melayu later became a
special name for the Malays), Central Java (Shailendra Dynasty), Majapahit
Dynasty and the Mataram Kingdom in Java, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">These Indianized countries had declined by the 13th century (1207).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">After this, the trend of Islam emerged in Malaya, which was the Malacca
dynasty founded by Parameswara in Malacca in 1402.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">The incident happened at the end of the 14th century, when a prince
from Palembang, Parameswara could not bear the oppression of Majapahit (King of
Sumatra) (because he married the king's daughter), and finally went to war with
him. After the defeat, Parameswara fled to Singapore (Temasek) to establish his
empire in Singapore, and was later driven out by the Siamese army. After
arriving in Malacca, an independent dynasty was established in Malacca (1403).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">He was originally a Hindu, but after converting to Islam, he changed
his name to Iskandar Shah. In this way, Islam entered Southeast Asia. In order
to seek protection from China, Parameswara arrived in Nanjing (Jinling) in
1405, confirming the friendly relations between Malaysia and China. Malaya also
became the main territory of Islam in the future, replacing Hinduism. However,
the Chinese who came from the south brought Buddhism and Taoism, and they have
been preserved sporadically in various places.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">(2) After Malaya evolved from Indianization to a Muslim country, its
friendly relations with China did not change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">In 1405, after Ming Chengzu (the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang) Zhu Di
gained power in a coup, he favored Zheng He. Because Zheng He helped Zhu Di to
ascend the throne in the chaos, he changed his original name from Ma Sanbao to
Zheng He in 1404. and. From then on this man became a household name in
history.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Ma Sanbao was originally just a eunuch, but later he was honored as
"Sanbao Eunuch".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Also in this year 1405, imperial approve Zheng He led more than 7,000
soldiers and carried the emperor's edict and a large amount of gold, silk,
porcelain and other cultural relics into 62 large wooden ships depart from
Liujiagang (Liuhe Kou, Jiangsu Province), passing through Fujian and traveling
along the South China Sea. They arrived Champa (southern Vietnam), and then
successively reached countries along the Southeast Asian and Indian Ocean
coasts. Every time he visited a country, Zheng He proclaimed the imperial edict
of the Ming Dynasty emperor to show the greatness of China.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Zheng He's navigation career ended in 1433, a period of 28 years.
During this period, Zheng He made a total of 7 voyages, 5 of which passed
through the Strait of Malacca. In addition to having a huge armed force, its
footprints also reach as far as the east coast of Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">According to a passage in "Speeches on Chinese History"
published by historian Lin Lian in 1961, this is how Zheng He's trip was
described:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">"Zheng He sailed seven times and passed through 36 countries. His
work was arduous. Not only had to fight rough waves, but also had to use force
to deal with hostile forces when necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Zheng He's mission to the West also greatly opened up China's market in
the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian Islands. His voyage was not only an unprecedented
feat in Chinese history, but also a great action in the history of world
navigation. "<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">(It is the important strategic position of the Indian Ocean and the
South China Sea that today has become the core area for the United States to
suppress and contain the rise of China’s military power)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Even though Zheng He discovered the new land 80 years before Columbus,
some people question why China does not occupy any land outside? It only
highlights its national prestige and spends an uncalculated amount of money.
Does it mean that China does not have the ambition to invade? In addition, if
that the Chinese are very narrow-minded and overconfident, and have never
thought of expanding territory?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Later, some descendants did not understand that Western countries were describe
of being "politically correct" when they invaded other countries brought
civilization and development; on the contrary, China did not occupy any land,
but suffered a hundred years of humiliation later on.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Some people argue that if China had taken the initiative to seize
uncultivated land and bring civilization and development during the Zheng He
era, the world would definitely not be what it is today, and the importance of
Columbus would not be so highlighted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was born in Italy. In 1492, he was
approved by the Queen of Spain to go to India and China. Returned without
success in 1493.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">He returned to Spain in 1496 and did not settle in America until his
fourth voyage. In this way, he discovered the New World of America, which later
became the United States. This is the most important page in the history of
Western colonial expansion. In comparison, China's feudal dynasty is far behind.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">(3) It is a pity that China has failed to realise that the ancient
feudal ideology is resistant and even detrimental to China's breakthrough
development. For example, the dynastic thinking of successive Chinese dynasties
can be summed up: "Under the sky, there is no place other than the king's
land". The Chinese people finally paid a heavy price for this feudal
ideology.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">To prevent the invasion of the Huns, the Great Wall was built during
the Qin Dynasty. Basically, it was to cut off the invasion of foreign enemies (but
it later proved unable to prevent the invasion of the Mongols and the
establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, and the invasion of the Manchus to establish
the Qing Dynasty. It was really the biggest irony of the feudal dynasty). But
in that era, the north could only be incorporated into China later. ethnic Huns
and other ethnic minorities. On the contrary, China made the most serious
mistake during the feudal dynasty era, that is, during the Ming and Qing
dynasties, it implemented around 400-year maritime ban and was isolated from
the outside world. How could it know the world's affairs?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">For example, the Ming Dynasty implemented a sea ban for 196 years from
1371 to 1567. The main purpose was to prevent Japanese pirates from invading,
thereby cutting off the sea routes so that Japan could not succeed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">During the Qing Dynasty, maritime bans were also implemented from 1655
to 1840, a total of 185 years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">The maritime ban in the Ming and Qing dynasties was both to prevent
foreign invasion, but was it possible to prevent it? Looking back now, I only
feel that the thoughts of the feudal emperors were stupid and backward. They
didn't know that there was a heaven outside the world and there were countries
abroad. At the same time, the most serious thing is that 70% of the world is
ocean and only 30% is land. Excluding the Antarctic and Arctic, deserts and
uninhabited jungles, there is not much space left on land.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">The most serious thing is that when China banned the import of opium
from Britain in 1838, it was a just and just action to stop opium from
poisoning the people. However, the British businessmen made strong excuses and
accused China of harming the interests of British businessmen. The Opium War
broke out in 1840 without adequate armed forces. In this battle, the Qing
government was defeated. In addition to ceding land compensation and ceding
Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom also forced China to
open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai as treaty ports.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">From that time on, the Chinese were destined to become tragic figures.
During the Second Opium War in 1860, the Old Summer Palace was not only burned
down, but the Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to the British.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Later, in 1894, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 broke out. The Qing
government suffered another defeat and Taiwan was occupied by Japan. After
this, the Qing court learned from the painful experience and followed Japan's
example in promoting the Westernization Movement (Japan's Meiji Restoration
began in 1858 and ended in 1889, making Japan a military power. The Qing
court's Westernization Movement began after the Second Opium War (from 1861 to
1895, all the Qing court's warships were wiped out). The Qing court's efforts to
learn from west were totally defeated again by the Eight-Power Allied Forces in
the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. The Chinese had now fallen into the quagmire of
the First World War (1914-1918), and the result was that the United States, the
Soviet Union, and Britain divided their interests sadly. China's Revolution of
1911 (1911) did not bring substantial benefits to China. Instead, it formed a
warlord regime. It was not until the end of the Kuomintang-Communist War in
1949 that the winner was determined.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">After liberation, China was impoverished, and unfortunately encountered
the Korean War, which also disrupted China's strategy of liberating Taiwan. It
was not until the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976 that China entered an
era of peace and construction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">In this process, we saw that in 1916, the first Eurasian Continental
Bridge was built by Russia, from Vladivostok to Harbin, and then to countries
such as Moscow and Germany. However, this was a Soviet project and had nothing
to do with China.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">It was not until 1990 that the second Eurasian Continental Bridge
appeared, from Lianyungang in Jiangsu to Russia and Germany. It was officially
opened to traffic in 1992, demonstrating China's train achievements.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Then, during the 40 years of reform and opening up (1978-2018), China
has been reborn and become another new China, which also involves the
improvement of Chinese trains entering the planning and adjustment period. In
China, planning started from 1997 to 2007, and there were a total of six major
train speed increases. In the plan, the current four vertical and four
horizontal buildings will be developed into eight vertical and eight horizontal
buildings. The first phase has been completed ahead of schedule in 2020; and
the second phase will be completed in 2030. By that time, China's domestic
trains will not only extend in all directions, but their speed will also be
greatly increased, becoming a veritable "high-speed rail".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">As for the China-Europe trains connecting with Europe, the Chinese are
even more proud of it, because it is the most important breakthrough in
reaching the United States' backyard. Since the China-Europe freight train sign
was put up in 2016, freight trains have traveled to major cities and ports in
China, and have also reached 160 cities in 22 European countries. China hopes
that by 2035, it will become the world's leading train champion. In this
regard, China believes that future high-speed rail will illuminate the way
forward for mankind.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">China-Europe trains enter Europe via freight trains. The charges are
not only cheaper than sea and air transportation, but also more environmentally
friendly. The carbon dioxide emissions generated by the trains are only 4%.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">According to the standards of high-speed rail, only those with a speed
of more than 200 kilometers per hour can be called "high-speed rail"
in China. However, the modern world has higher requirements, and high-speed
rail with a speed of 350 kilometers per hour has also appeared. High-speed rail
has changed China and the world's transportation network.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">This is a dynamic world, but only peace can allow us to see the future,
and war is the end of the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Before ending, I have a few additional comments on the “Belt and Road
Initiative”:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">First, during the Qing Dynasty, there was no interest in gadgets from
the West. For example, in 1876, the British company Jardine Matheson built a
14.5-kilometer long train from Shanghai to Wusong, but it was bought and destroyed
by the Qing government in 1877. It's incredible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">It was not until 1905 that the first train built by the Chinese
appeared in China. It ran from Beijing to Zhangjiajie, Hunan, with a total
length of 222 kilometers and was opened to traffic in 1908. This person was
engineer Zhan Tianyou who later became famous all over the world. He graduated
from Oxford University.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">However, the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, which severely
damaged the railway, leaving only 3,793 kilometers operational. After the war
(1945), the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party broke out,
and more railways were abandoned and destroyed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">After liberation in 1949, there were 8,278 kilometers of trains
available.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">By 1980, the number of railways nationwide reached 49,940 kilometers;
by 1990, it had increased to 66,428 kilometers. This confirms that China is
making great strides under the reform and opening up.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">In 1994, China's train speed was only 48 kilometers per hour. But in
1998, Qinhuangdao and Shenyang conducted experiments to prove the feasibility
of domestic high-speed rail. In 2003, they successfully launched a high-speed
rail with a speed of over 200 kilometers per hour.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">In 2016, the China-Europe freight train was launched, and it was clear
that Chinese freight trains had entered the backyard of the United States. As
of today, freight volume has exceeded 200 billion US dollars. Since the
connection with Europe, 40,000 trains have been operated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">In China, the number of passenger and freight trains has also grown to
23, and now China is concerned about how to complete the Trans-Asian Railway.?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">According to the original plan, the construction of the Kuala
Lumpur–Singapore high-speed rail should start in 2018 and is expected to open
in 2026, with a total length of 327.7 kilometres, 15 kilometres of which will
be through a tunnel into Singapore..<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">At that time, the government did not announce the cost because the
relevant projects had not yet been invited to bid. I wonder who would win the
project? The biggest competitors are China and Japan. General estimates put the
cost at no less than RM100 billion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Unfortunately, Mahathir, who was on behalf of Pakatan Harapan coalition
won the 2018 general election, after returning to power. He announced the
cancellation of the Kuala Lumpur-Singapore high-speed rail because Malaysia
could not afford its huge cost. At that time, some people estimated that it
would cost around RM101 billion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">With the termination of the high-speed rail, Malaysia must compensate
Singapore for more than 300 million ringgit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">At the same time, the Mahathir government also announced the
cancellation of three gas and oil pipelines built by China, the first is the
Multi-Petroleum Products Pipeline (MPP), the second is the Sabah Natural Gas
Pipeline (TSGP), and the third is from Malacca to Johor. Oil refinery
pipelines, totaling up to $1.8 billion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Although some people proposed to restart the Kuala Lumpur-Singapore
high-speed rail during the Anwar period and extend it to Bangkok, Thailand, the
cost is unknown. The government has also been silent.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">It is known that the only major project left by the Chinese government
is the construction of the East Rail Link (estimated to cost RM40 billion).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">We recall that when the Second Bridge was built in Penang in 1994, then
Prime Minister Abdullah reached an agreement with Chinese Prime Minister Wen
Jiabao. China loaned US$800 million to jointly build the bridge, and the total
cost was RM4.5 billion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">When will the “One Belt, One Road” overall plan be completed? We are
also looking forward to it.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDPZKjLO5EYAoIhpP8GmXw0Eohpmk39ANwWIQwAiMjtt22b5HEJ0eiL_9Ykaei0EbPdMt50VREndj3HHpAGXPoG24HRwNf-JACgVslC8-CDbuXnXxcy0gp64XpnfI91zy6CAGFU010CFc2AtG6kRadDJ_4Khu1ka9sfZKV5IOfRB1b09wEPm8AI4e95dWk/s1156/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-03-08%20at%2018.01.54.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="867" data-original-width="1156" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDPZKjLO5EYAoIhpP8GmXw0Eohpmk39ANwWIQwAiMjtt22b5HEJ0eiL_9Ykaei0EbPdMt50VREndj3HHpAGXPoG24HRwNf-JACgVslC8-CDbuXnXxcy0gp64XpnfI91zy6CAGFU010CFc2AtG6kRadDJ_4Khu1ka9sfZKV5IOfRB1b09wEPm8AI4e95dWk/w400-h300/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-03-08%20at%2018.01.54.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqvkbmKj1_AYd0MCMrT7i_EeqewVfsF_fUoOCDoY_BnDkGJzkmCwI0-GBGscNeOlEEuCfkVxXkJBxI_ReAC4JoCVqNEFxxafJ9AYIOhI_-l2736xotujWornLfs8k4vdDRlkjOSvVRqeIdEm9SlnPDN6__a6R_hiinvLnxE-FHApMeMGfLzZd0LzLw1Eo5/s1080/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-03-08%20at%2018.02.04.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwvyc1TvquVuq1JYfN6wqZJB2cCmIdVdPz7mUvMOQhXRIxxh2RiCNmhkMB9He5WsLPF6PABS8ZYqIW5oV3wiPZZbzYIzGhH5anpcmfUdvPRJ5CNZ8vXrH2xdsNZ7vwM_1BsNRtnLtUzmFPl8uh8Q82A_ge4SXCOHVj0ngFxrHTWoiaf0qNDLqYpNE_d2mE/s1280/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-03-08%20at%2018.04.40%20(1).jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="959" data-original-width="1280" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwvyc1TvquVuq1JYfN6wqZJB2cCmIdVdPz7mUvMOQhXRIxxh2RiCNmhkMB9He5WsLPF6PABS8ZYqIW5oV3wiPZZbzYIzGhH5anpcmfUdvPRJ5CNZ8vXrH2xdsNZ7vwM_1BsNRtnLtUzmFPl8uh8Q82A_ge4SXCOHVj0ngFxrHTWoiaf0qNDLqYpNE_d2mE/w400-h300/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-03-08%20at%2018.04.40%20(1).jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcwDylDIXlCfMwB6KeYa1oduZF0PC9kxLtO00x8vysj-jTTd5Bv4CDr2_kR5VoYyxlBM3pRsGAtSagmTCo2X7tPSaW8Y1hvq8qMe-wQQSUv8gmOoEFJOFBm9Yu5kh_PuWSIHpodyhXN181KtAlO4R5G8FvqgzVCMFNy96u5lQgKbXVYIBEmMSbUf6_HFTM/s1280/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-03-08%20at%2018.04.40.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcwDylDIXlCfMwB6KeYa1oduZF0PC9kxLtO00x8vysj-jTTd5Bv4CDr2_kR5VoYyxlBM3pRsGAtSagmTCo2X7tPSaW8Y1hvq8qMe-wQQSUv8gmOoEFJOFBm9Yu5kh_PuWSIHpodyhXN181KtAlO4R5G8FvqgzVCMFNy96u5lQgKbXVYIBEmMSbUf6_HFTM/w400-h300/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-03-08%20at%2018.04.40.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: left;">座谈会的资料与活动详情:</h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAenpctj8BhmQHYhmKQvrBJ5i-LD835zEPqPnlHmAYdF-FMuqTyPduqcD3G2AL4NLr2kSucG6yyh72slT5jTwDaWqkXGsUHR3osyl9_HhE1pLCqUtEqEJZYUGASG2mIpIJVB3Yn2saUzIM94NqB3KHgZ_LX1CQ8WvoYhzU-ENPTmS0u-rGBBehAfqk7VrL/s1024/1710409500565-413a2a3c-3f36-4748-9064-184e27d305fd_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAenpctj8BhmQHYhmKQvrBJ5i-LD835zEPqPnlHmAYdF-FMuqTyPduqcD3G2AL4NLr2kSucG6yyh72slT5jTwDaWqkXGsUHR3osyl9_HhE1pLCqUtEqEJZYUGASG2mIpIJVB3Yn2saUzIM94NqB3KHgZ_LX1CQ8WvoYhzU-ENPTmS0u-rGBBehAfqk7VrL/w400-h225/1710409500565-413a2a3c-3f36-4748-9064-184e27d305fd_1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMHa7FkKtKtuA9D2w1WQLcLs6bBdm-qzapmR_vGUFbWX_wuy0N9kkeb8gQ59VMi3ZMzgaopLuIUp1x9s_wBXO00t2NeAYUr7LtwpReyhr8qBmt2uBnvAcGDBBs7qfug7DxuZn_oNUCCbVsHNttCBR-_8It8S572TZ1UGc0y3bxhgGZaNJUSk6C-T9aitdk/s1024/1710409500565-413a2a3c-3f36-4748-9064-184e27d305fd_8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMHa7FkKtKtuA9D2w1WQLcLs6bBdm-qzapmR_vGUFbWX_wuy0N9kkeb8gQ59VMi3ZMzgaopLuIUp1x9s_wBXO00t2NeAYUr7LtwpReyhr8qBmt2uBnvAcGDBBs7qfug7DxuZn_oNUCCbVsHNttCBR-_8It8S572TZ1UGc0y3bxhgGZaNJUSk6C-T9aitdk/w400-h225/1710409500565-413a2a3c-3f36-4748-9064-184e27d305fd_8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisvV14lgwMmuK_BgtQA1SgVs0jzmto3cc1KO_nMNIaOrnqRGn9G_Xei80QFk2J77IShyDzvjpRqvv2T9bYfuQxn9bsp600jDnDWp__yocPjKKuhw03mbRh1jv5ejEm9QJHGyls5FzkXh0CNNe6VYNWFKG84Z6v9YwzU5u-qNt5XGVWX0SwQ66qhTOgMe9h/s1024/1710409500565-413a2a3c-3f36-4748-9064-184e27d305fd_9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisvV14lgwMmuK_BgtQA1SgVs0jzmto3cc1KO_nMNIaOrnqRGn9G_Xei80QFk2J77IShyDzvjpRqvv2T9bYfuQxn9bsp600jDnDWp__yocPjKKuhw03mbRh1jv5ejEm9QJHGyls5FzkXh0CNNe6VYNWFKG84Z6v9YwzU5u-qNt5XGVWX0SwQ66qhTOgMe9h/w400-h225/1710409500565-413a2a3c-3f36-4748-9064-184e27d305fd_9.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br />其他新闻报导: </h4><div><div>https://weareunited.com.my/12138559</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/north/2024/03/05/635260</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.kwongwah.com.my/20240305/%E9%BB%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%9F%EF%BC%9A%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%E5%80%A1%E8%AE%AE-%E4%BD%BF%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%9B%B4%E4%B8%BA%E8%93%AC/</div><div><br /></div><div>https://penang.chinapress.com.my/20240305/%E9%BB%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%9F%EF%BC%9A%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F-%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A-%E6%B7%B1%E5%8C%96/</div><div><br /></div><div>https://guangming.com.my/%E3%80%90%E9%8D%BE%E9%9D%88%E7%8D%A8%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%B6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%E5%80%A1%E8%AD%B010%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4%E9%96%89%E5%B9%95%E3%80%91%E9%BB%83%E6%BC%A2%E5%81%89%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%B6</div><div><br /></div><div>https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Zebp5Y8Fr_qHMLeJcE5TcQ</div></div>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-77305468413123520952024-02-29T16:14:00.007+08:002024-03-15T16:16:55.994+08:00评土著经济大会<p> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">政府宣布将在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">29</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">日至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">日在布城国际会展中心举行“土著经济大会”。副首相阿末扎希补充说,大会将进行评估自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">1965</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">年以来的首届土著经济大会后所成立的相关机构的表现,同时大会也将聚焦在十个领域,其中包括增强消息产业、沙巴土著经济、砂拉越土著经济及教育改革和人力资源等。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">有人对此提出质问,为什么要举办“土著经济大会”?而不是“全民经济大会”?根据首相安华的说法,因为直到目前为止,土著尚未达到当初所设定的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">30%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">的目标,这是因为股权持有人不透明,因此有必要重新修整公司条文,改善股权持有者的透明度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果是为了股权的持有者必须透明化,大可通过立法来修改公司的持股法令。对此我们也支持政府对股权的法令做出修改,但是否有必要召开土著大会来确定有关事项则显得过于高调和缺乏敏感度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这与马来西亚的多元种族和种族政策大有关系。在殖民时代,马来亚已是一个多元种族的国家,因此在给予马来亚独立时,英国有同意让三大种族的代表成为代表团成员,向英方争取独立。当然这是在马来人主导下的政治安排而不是由民间自愿发起的独立运动。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">最明显的例子是在战后,马来亚已出现种族性政党。例如在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1945</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年成立的马来亚民主同盟党(代表华人)、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1945</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年成立的马来国民党(代表马来人),而在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1946</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年促成了巫统的成立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于马来精英感觉到英国推出的“马来亚联邦”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Malayan Union</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)的体制是不利马来人的,因而在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1946</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日,由拿督翁(曾担任柔佛署理州务大臣)号召</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">41</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">个马来团体参加在吉隆坡举行的马来人团结大会。除了一致反对“马来亚联邦”外,也在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">11</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日宣布巫统的成立,而拿督翁则当选主席。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">接着,英国同意以“马来亚联合邦协定”取代“马来亚联邦”后,拿督翁就在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1948</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月在其住家召集各民族代表(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">21</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">名)决定成立“各民族联络委员会”,可是马来社会并不能接受拿督翁的开放政策,也就反对巫统开放门户,导致拿督翁在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1951</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年退出巫统,另成立“马来亚独立党”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1954</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年改名为国家党)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在马来亚联合邦协定中。其中重要的条文包括为马来人下定义:即信奉回教、奉行马来人习俗及操马来语。而在协定中也列明马来人享有“特别地位”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Special Position</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">),后来也因政治的需要而被称为“特权”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Privilege</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然拿督翁一度提倡多元合作(主张开放巫统让非马来人入党),不认为高举民族主义的大旗是一成不变的。可惜曲高和寡,拿督翁终于在选举中大败(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年),而再也站不起来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1965</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日,因李光耀主催反对党共同组成“马来西亚团结大会”,参与的政党有人民行动党、砂人联党、砂马真达党、民主联合党及人民进步党。这一下子引得巫统担心李光耀势力的膨胀,乃决定在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1965</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日通过国会宣布新加坡脱离马来西亚,成为独立国家。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">反之,巫统也借助</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1964</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年大选的辉煌成绩而成为“一党独大”的姿态,因此巫统不需要再主办“马来人团结大会”,因为政权已牢牢掌握在巫统手里。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">即便</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1969</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年的大选不幸爆发“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">513</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”种族冲突事件,致使国家进入紧急状态,但也没有削弱巫统的政治地位。国家成立了行动理事会,权力归于敦拉萨首相,也促成巫统开放门户,但不是改变巫统而是扩大巫统的控制权力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">值得一提的是,当敦拉萨在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1970</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年提出新经济政策时,也没有大张旗鼓,更没有举办马来人大团结,一切按程序走。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这个时候,另一波民族主义的思潮已在巫统内滋长。在此情形下,巫统提出了将联盟扩大成国阵(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1974</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年组成)。这来是巫统对其他政党抱持宽容心态,因而将伊斯兰党、民政党、人民进步党及砂人联党纳入国阵门下,阵容的扩大展现了巫统更加的一党独大。为了这个缘故,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1973</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年巫统有一个大集会,解释组成国阵的因由。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">因此在“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">513</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”过后的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1974</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1978</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1982</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1986</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1990</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年的五届选举中,都是巫统掌控全局,其参选的议员也超过半数,在议会内的势力牢不可破。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">另一方面,马华在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1971</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年解开戒严恢复国会民主后,曾一度主办轰轰烈烈的华人大团结运动,有些仿效巫统的做法,但马华终究不是当家当权的政党,它的美好愿望也就无法实现,反而被人指责搞种族主义。在这个大前提下,马华甚至被指责搞“民粹主义”(只管本身的利益,而未思及其他种族的利益)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">我曾私下询问林苍祐(当时的槟州首席部长),对马华搞华人大团结有何看法?他的回应这是搞种族主义,不值得鼓励与仿效。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">针对新经济政策,也一度引起争议。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">最初时候,此政策将实施到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1990</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年(即</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">20</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年),而后将由马哈迪倡议的“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年宏愿“所取代。马哈迪是以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">30</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年作为赌注(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1990-2020</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">),矢言在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年时马来西亚将成为一个先进国家。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">没有人知道这个政策是否还生效或已不用,改以新的政策取代?这就需要首相安华向国人明确解释。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">基此,我们认为单纯举行土著经济大会是无法解决所面对的症结,例如马币下跌,已是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">美元兑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4.80</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">令吉,对国家的经济产生非常不利的影响,也进一步削减外来的投资。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为此,即使有华印企业家参加土著经济大会,也起不了大作用。既然我们已选出国会议员为民服务,那他们的责任是捍卫人民的权益,而不是推给经济大会来承担。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">因此我们不能本末倒置,而是要实事求是,对症下药,不是大声呐喊就可以解决问题的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">我们建议,类似的种族性的大会可以少开,不要被某些冲动份子将会议搞成乱局。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">马来西亚目前需要的是和谐、冷静和努力恢复元气,而不是斗阵容和展示力量。国会应成为最有效的传达心声的工具。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>发布于2024年2月29日东方online:https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2024/02/29/633817</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-67526729301716952052024-02-22T16:11:00.001+08:002024-03-15T16:14:16.948+08:00是时候为“龙”正名了<p> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">虽然正名“龙”的称呼并不是很重要,但中国在今年的龙年将龙的英文称呼改用翻译音为“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">Loong</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">”,不再称为“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">Dragon</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">”。由于这一改变,“舞龙”就译成“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">Loong Dance</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">”;同时也改称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">Year of Loong</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">,而不再是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">Year of Dragon</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据中国方面的说法,“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dragon</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”在英文语法上龙是巨大、具有恐怖和凶残的形象,与中国人及海外华人认知的“吉祥之物”大相径庭。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">现在我们根据历史的发展来演绎龙的变化:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)在中国史书上,从来没有一种称为“龙”的动物,它是靠人类想象而成的庞然大物。后来为提高龙的地位,皇帝也就被化身为“神龙”。他既是神,也是人的最高形象。因此在封建时代,皇帝就是天子和龙身,也只有皇帝才配穿龙袍,其他人是不能“与尤相比”的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在我们所了解的十二生肖中,龙居第五,属于辰时,即上午</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">点至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">11</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">点,这是最美好的时辰。古人有云一日之计在于晨,碰巧龙居第五就摆在重要位置,久而久之,皇帝又被称为“九五之尊”了。原来九是数目中最大者,从一到九,而后再循环加数。这样一来,称皇帝为“九五之尊”显得顺理成章。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">按照东汉学者王符(公元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">85</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">163</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年)的描绘,龙有九似:头似驼,角似鹿,眼似兔,耳似牛,项似蛇,腹似蜃,鳞似鲤,爪似鹰,掌似虎,是也。其背有八十一鳞,具九九阳数。其声如戛铜盘。口旁有须髯,颔下有明珠,喉下有逆鳞。头上有博山,又名尺木,龙无尺木,不能升天。呵气成云,既能变水,又能变火。这是与我们后来看到的龙(画像、图腾)相当接近。、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于它是不存在的动物,人类只能靠想象龙是存在的,而且很威严。也因之华人从古至今都没有忘记自己是“龙的传人”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)但十分巧合的是,“龙”也在近代的历史过程中被政治化了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">事缘在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1978</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年,美国宣布与“中华民国”断绝邦交,而于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年中美正式建立邦交。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为此,台湾的侯德健在情绪激动下写了一首后来十分火红的“龙的传人”当时台湾尚未解除戒严令,侯德健则于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1983</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年访问中国。因而被台湾禁唱“龙的传人”这首歌。直到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1985</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年这首歌登上了中国的“春晚”节目。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1989</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">27</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日,香港举行的《民主歌声献中华》演唱会上,“龙的传人”这首歌更是传播海内外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不过在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1989</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日的“六四事件”上,由于侯德建也是参与示威者的重要人物(在天安门广场),后被驱散。侯德健及一些民运人士也四散海外,而成为中国政府的黑名单。这样一来,“六四事件”成为中国政府胸口永远的痛。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">自此之后,“龙的传人”这首歌也少在中国及其他华人众多的地方演唱,若是解禁等于“承认”侯德建等人介入“六四事件”是可以的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">今天离开“六四事件”已是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">35</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年了,但对于“六四”的伤痕还是不能被抹去。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在所唱的“龙的传人”歌曲中,有一段歌词是这样唱的:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">“古老的东方有一条龙
她的名字就叫中国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">古老的东方有一群人
他们全都是龙的传人”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在歌词中我们也找到百年前中国在八国联军夹攻下所受的屈辱:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">“百年前宁静的一个夜
巨变前夕的深夜里</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">枪砲声敲碎了宁静的夜
四面楚歌是姑息的剑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">多少年砲声仍隆隆
多少年又是多少年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">巨龙巨龙你擦亮眼
永永远远的擦亮眼”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这首歌曲即不反华也不反共,但问题在于作者侯德健让自己卷入“六四”而成为无法抹去的“污点”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)到底是谁把“龙”称之为“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dragon</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”的?这是一个十分有趣且值得探讨的课题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在这方面,北京外国语大学英语学院副院长彭萍教授指出,在十九世纪初,英国传教士马仕曼在自己的著作中提到中国的龙,当时他是用“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Loong</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”来注音的,但在后面则用了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dragon</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">来解释龙的意思。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不过,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2005</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年时,因北京要在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年申办奥运会,曾对“吉祥物”作出评审。原本呼声最高的“龙”在后来落选了,因为中国对“龙”的解释是“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Loong</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”或“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dragon</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”一时无法讲得清楚。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">彭萍又指出,后来英国传教士马礼逊在编写《华英字典》时,则将龙译为“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dragon</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”,这个翻译也沿用至今。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">马礼逊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Robert Morrison</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1782-1834</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)是一名英国传教士,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1807</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年抵达广州,是外国来华的第一位传教士。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1809</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年受聘为东印度公司驻中国的官员。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1814</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年时,他结识了香山人蔡科,并为他洗礼而成为教徒,改名为梁发,他也是中国第一位基督教徒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1823</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年,梁发正式为马礼逊工作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">也是在这一年,马礼逊的《华英字典》问世了。这部字典也在后来成为外国传教士在中国的必备参考书。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">值得一提的是,在此之前的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1815</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年,马礼逊在马六甲出版第一部以华人为对象的中文报纸《察世俗每月统记传》,成为马来亚的第一份中文报,也是中国在海外出版的第一份华文报。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">马礼逊除了翻译圣经外,也与梁发在广州的高明县成立了基督徒的私塾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">更令人震惊的是,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1832</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年,梁发写了一本《劝世良言》的宗教书籍,向中国知识份子派发。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">正是那个时候,原属梅州人的洪秀全阅及《劝世良言》后,决心用基督教的名号在中国组织反清革命组织。就这样,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1851</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年,洪秀全联合其在梅州的亲朋戚友组成太平天国在广西金田起义。从此太平天国成了洪秀全的革命旗帜,而梁发的影响力更不在话下。当然马礼逊对洪秀全的影响也是很重大的。毕竟,洪秀全是第一个打出基督教起义在中国卷起巨大浪潮,一度与清廷相庭抗礼(一个在南京立国;另一个在北京当政)的集团。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1864</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年太平天国被击败了,但它所留下的影响却是久就不能散去,直到孙中山横空而降,自称为“洪秀全第二”,才在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1912</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年建立了中华民国。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)与龙扯上关系的是西方人眼中的“恐龙”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dinosaur</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">),但这两种是风马牛不相及的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然英国古物生物学家理查欧文在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1842</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年正式提出在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿年前已从化石勘查已存在恐龙这巨型动物,但除了电影出现恐龙外,也未见其真实面貌。只不过它比中国的龙更有生存的可能性。但是西方的恐龙则是在电影中表现得十分凶残和足以毁灭世界的怪兽,与中国龙形象是大不相同的。因此将中国龙与西方龙切割开来也是正当和正确的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>发布于2024年2月22日东方online:https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2024/02/22/632296</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-58092182671970812832024-02-15T15:51:00.001+08:002024-03-15T16:11:45.606+08:00方言vs华语<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不久前我们的马中客家总商会接待来自奥地利格拉兹大学的语言学家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Prof. Ralf Vollman</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(孙学仁),双方就马来西亚的客家话进行交流。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><span style="text-indent: 35.8667px;">本来研究语言学是大学里一个比较普及的学科,因为在全世界的语言既多又杂,而且方言更是不计其数。但孙教授的研究不但是偏门的,而且也从细节里挑出问题,让人从现实中领悟到语文和方言的变化是因地而异的;更是在使用中参杂了其他语言,如英语和马来语,甚至有些时候还加入了其他方言。因此他发现马来西亚的客家人所说的方言是很有趣的,但外国人是听不懂的,例如:</span></span></p>
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<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不能</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">忍受</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">ai<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">beh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">dahan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">liao!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英语</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">福建</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">马来</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">汉方言</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 18.6667px; text-indent: 35.8667px;">又如:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="ex1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.4pt;" valign="top" width="46">
<p class="ex1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">jaga<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="ex1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.0pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p class="ex1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">me<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.85pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<p class="ex1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">ah!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.4pt;" valign="top" width="46">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看管</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(帮)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.0pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.85pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.25pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英语</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.4pt;" valign="top" width="46">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">马来</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英语</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.0pt;" valign="top" width="65">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英语</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79.85pt;" valign="top" width="106">
<p class="ex2"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "AR PL UKai CN",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">汉方言</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">还有是我们将英语和马来语加入我们的讲话中,比如踏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">brake</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(刹车)、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">engine</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(引擎)、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">go astern</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(倒车)及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">honk</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(鸣笛)等等,都是惯用语。甚至连李光耀本身也在其著作《新加坡的双语之路》中也引用福建话参杂马来语的例子:“去马打厝叫他多隆”(去警察局求情),但来自中国和台湾的华人听不懂是何意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">因此我们不能否认方言本身也加入许多外来语;尤其是马新社会一度是峇峇一族盛行,在口语中也难免会加上马来话和英语。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">有人认为一个国家或地区能保护和发扬本土语言是必要的,因为若是连本地人也不再讲方言,则这个语言也会渐渐消失而难以继续存在。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不过当李光耀治理新加坡时坚持用华语取代方言也一度受到很大的冲击,甚至被指为不重视祖先的文化。但李光耀还是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年正式推动“双语政策”,也就根据现实的需求提出“多讲华语,少说方言”运动。李光耀形容这是一场石破天惊的运动,要改变新加坡华人从出生开始听和讲方言的习惯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">对此,李光耀的解释是:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年,吴庆瑞(副总理)提出了一份对新加坡教育发展具有分水岭意义的报告书。他指出新加坡的教育问题根源是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">20</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年来(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1959-1978</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)“不合自然规律”的语文教育政策对新加坡整体教育的纠缠。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">所谓的“不合自然规律”的教育是指极大多数的学校采用英语和华语两种语言教导学生,而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">85%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">的学生在家里说的是方言,阻扰了华英双语教育的普及。方言既然阻碍了双语教育的推行,只好放弃方言,以减轻学生学习额外的负担,自然成了无可奈何的选择。于是从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年起,新加坡决定在公共场合停止说方言,转说华语。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">李光耀之所提出双语政策是因为在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1965</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日新加坡脱离马来西亚后,他就得重新调整新加坡的未来,也就在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年作了教育“革命性”的改革。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据李光耀的说法,在新加坡华人分别操</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">种方言,长期以来各说各方言而没有统一的语言。于是政府先在教育上推行英文教育,并将之列为学术用语,但因为新加坡绝大部分是华人,也就得发展第二语文,于是华语成了新加坡第二语文的选择。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">尽管华语和方言的争论由来已久,但李光耀说他不得不牺牲方言来普及华语。再说方言本身也没有语文,只是口语,因此学习华语成为重要的第二语文。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然新加坡推行双语教育已有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">48</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年的历史,但还是有人质问为何要选英文作为第一语言而不是华文?因为新加坡推广讲华语运动已取得成效,也影响马来西亚的一些民间社团和学校也疾呼保护和发展方言。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在这个课题上,也没有谁对谁错,而是整个大形势的走向。就中国方面而言,推广华语华文是不可动摇的和不放松的工作,但也没有刻意地扶持和保护方言文化,因为在今日的中国更加需要用普通话来沟通所有的中华民族。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">与此同时,海外华人也不能忘记自己的文化,因此在推动和发扬华语华文运动时就变成生生不息的工作了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">基本上我们赞同华人除了会母语之外,也要学好国文和英文,以方便立足于社会。如果再推广方言的使用会增加学生的负担,那倒是不必要的,因为华语已让马新的华人从中受惠。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">针对此事,我们必须感谢中华民国驻槟城总领事戴淑原的功绩(他也是槟城客家公会的首任会长)。因为他在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1920</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年时有征询马新华人要用华语或方言教学,结果回应是华语;而香港人则选择广东话。也因此直到今天,广东话似乎还是香港的“官话”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">马来西亚因为从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1919</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年五四新文化运动开始,就接受华语华文的教育,因此直到今天,马新的华人还是能操标准的华语。至于方言,因为使用范围的缩小,加上学习的人不多,也就渐渐被华语所取代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在这方面,所有的炎黄子孙不得不感谢秦始皇统一了中国文字。如果我们没有在两千年前使用统一的文字,华文就不能成为有生命的语言,不似其他方言,只有语言而没有文字。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">对此而言,来自奥地利的教授在研究客家方言后也得到一个结论,那就是“随着学校以及媒体引入和使用现代标准语言以来,地方话(方言)在群体间交流中变得越来越不重要,而标准语言成了通用语。最终甚至连家庭内部也可能转向使用标准语言。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">换句话说,总有一天,标准华文(汉语)可能将取代所有方言而成为炎黄子孙的一个共同母语了。</span> </p><p>发布于2024年2月15日东方online:https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2024/02/15/630755</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-5504788858550895142024-02-08T15:47:00.001+08:002024-03-15T15:51:10.839+08:00纳吉“半特赦”贬多于褒<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">马来西亚特赦局终于针对前首相纳吉在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月提出要求宽恕函件作出决定,将其刑期由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年减至一半,即</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年。按照规定,纳吉将在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2028</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">23</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日刑满获释。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">与此同时,特赦局也将其罚款由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">千万令吉减至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">千万令吉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">换句话说,纳吉极可能被提早释放,因为监狱有针对个人行为给予减刑的可行性。当然还有一个特殊的情况就是“保外就医”。这显然是针对名人及患病严重的犯人给予特殊安排。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不过就特赦局的决定来说,各界的回应是贬多于褒,包括具有影响力的团体也是在反对行列中,他们所持的理由是纳吉不能被特赦,因为它造成国家经济蒙受巨大的损失。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在这方面,我们注意到支持特赦纳吉的也有知名人士及具有影响力的团体,例如前法律部长查益依布拉欣就认为特赦局对许多问题未作出解释,不但让反对特赦纳吉的个人和单位表达抗议,而且也让支持纳吉特赦的政团与亲属感到失望。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">姑且举出查益依布拉欣的“立场”,他个人是支持纳吉全赦的,而不是半赦或有条件的,因为这不算“全特赦”,特赦应是指同意全赦或不同意全赦,而纳吉有要求减刑吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">他也说特赦局成员有总检察长阿末特里鲁丁、代表政府出席的联邦直辖区部长查丽哈博士及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">名由元首委任的代表。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但查益为查丽哈辩护,指她在局里的角色是代表政府的集体意见。所以查丽哈应在过程中告知政府的立场和巫统的立场,可惜她没有。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">比较令人侧目的是净选盟(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bersih</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)发表了与政府不同的立场。这位新主席莫哈末费沙原是回教青年运动(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Abim</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)的主席,任期满后在去年杪竞选净选盟主席而胜出。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">照理说费沙是安华的人,可是适得其反,这个组织却在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日发表文告批评特赦局对纳吉作出减刑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然净选盟同意特赦局有其权力,但推行选举改革的团体则认为这样的决定将影响人民对司法的观念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">“这个国家不能有两种法律,一种是对精英份子;另一种是对平民百姓。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">此外,净选盟也要求联邦政府及总检察长停止针对政治人物使用“释放并不等于无罪”的判决。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">另一方面,著名的时评学者碧莉洁(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bridget Welsh</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)形容特赦局的决定没有赢家,包括安华及纳吉都不是赢家,只有巫统主席阿末扎希是唯一胜利者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">先是法院在去年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月判阿末扎希“释放并不等于无罪”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">DNAA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)。这意味着希盟的团结政府的权力不是绝对的,因为巫统领袖也借势而受惠;同样的,纳吉也享受减刑之好,但他不是真正的赢家,正如其女儿所说,其父还在监牢中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就纳吉而言,他曾发挥了他个人的公信力来挽救巫统。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不过在没有纳吉下,扎希的巫统主席地位将更受保障,他的地位已较为安全。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就安华来说,他也无需面对纳吉带来的挑战;尤其是在马来社会。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(纳吉跌宕起伏的政治也让人想起前美国总统特朗普的奇迹(咸鱼翻身)。特朗普在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2017</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年担任美国总统,但在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年的选举中,输给民主党的拜登。过后他又面对官司案和各种压力,让人感到他已经没有未来。可是言犹在耳,近期的两场总统初选,特朗普又东山再起,他已经认定将在今年的总统选举中胜出,再任总统。当然纳吉没有拜登的幸运,他的未来也充满不确定性,除非下来的选举能够翻身,可惜纳吉不是特朗普。)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">无论如何,碧莉洁的初步结论是很耐人寻味的。她说:局部特赦纳吉犹如有毒的药物要马来西亚人吞下,这不是要取他们的命,而是增加不必要的毒素来使到已被腐化的政治更加令人不安。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">究竟纳吉为何会沦为阶下囚?这是与他成立“一个马来西亚发展有限公司”大有关系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年纳吉正式拜相后,他接管和改组登嘉楼投资局(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Terengganu
Investment Authority</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">),并更名为一个马来西亚发展有限公司(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1
Malaysia Development Bhd.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2013</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2015</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年时,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1MDB</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">被爆负债</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">421</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉,引发了贪污丑闻的争议。在当时《华尔街日报》声称有约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">7.6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿美元(或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">26</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉)从这间公司流入马来西亚时任首相纳吉的私人账户,导致令吉大跌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然在这之后,政府有澄清是来自沙地阿拉伯王室人物的捐款,总数是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">26</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉,但有关方面并没有公布捐款的目的。后来美国司法部查知,这笔巨款是来自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Tanore</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">金融机构,而非来自沙地阿拉伯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2016</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年,美国司法部指控“一马基金”被侵吞的资金用于资助包括公务员在内的多人的奢侈生活。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于涉案金额超过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">45</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿美元,成为全球最大的贪腐洗钱案,引发多个国家展开调查。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年,美国投资银行高盛与马政府达成价值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">39</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿美元和解协议(在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2013</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年时,高胜曾为一马基金筹集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">65</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿美元资金。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2018</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年时,我国检察机构指控高盛误导投资者赚取高额佣金。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">也是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2018</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年,马来西亚选举,一向执政的国阵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">/</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">巫统大权旁落,被反对党组成的希盟集团取而代之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在同年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日,纳吉被捕,反贪局指控他犯下三条刑事罪,包括纳吉个人银行有接收高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">26</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉的汇款。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2019</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日,纳吉涉嫌的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">SRC</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">国际有限公司的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4200</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万令吉的贪污罪开始受审。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">28</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日,纳吉在七项罪名下被判有罪,处刑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年及罚款</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2021</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">22</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日,财长东姑赛义夫鲁声称已收回与一马公司有关的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">154</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉和资产。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">21</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日,财长指出已从一马公司收回</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">192</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万令吉,用以偿还</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1MDB</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">的债务。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">日,马来西亚国债高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">兆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">450</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉,其中一马公司拖欠债务高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">320</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">令吉,而阳光策略能源有限公司的举债也有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">87</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万令吉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">总之,一马公司案尚未完全了结,马来西亚总共要支付多少债务?也有待帐务清楚公布后才能得知。但不可否认的是,马来西亚也因一马案牵连致令吉兑美元不断下跌,也影响了对外资的吸引。</span> </p><p>发布于2024年2月8日东方online:https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2024/02/08/629486</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-55013002100070848222024-02-01T15:43:00.001+08:002024-03-15T15:47:53.298+08:00安华将向政治人物“开刀”?<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据我国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2024</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">年的财政预算案,共有高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3938</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉的开支,其中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">900</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉为发展开销,而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3038</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉是行政开销。在行政开销中,有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">千万令吉是用于公务员薪金。换句话说,在行政拨款上若加上退休金及其它,则超过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">48%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">是用来支付公务员的薪金和退休金的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于马来西亚的情况特殊,约有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">170</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万名公务员,在人口比例上,则是每</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">20</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">人中有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">人是公务员(我国总人口约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3400</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万人,公务员占人口比例</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">5%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">若与其它国家相比,马来西亚的公务员比例也是最高的。新加坡公务员占人口比例</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.8%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">;印度公务员占人口比例</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.1%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">;日本公务员占人口比例</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.3%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">既然我国的公务员有增无减,而退休公务员也越来越多(约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">70</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万名),若连同现有的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">170</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万名公务员,则国人要负责</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">240</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万名公务员的花销。经折算下,每一位公民(包括婴儿及老人)都得缴付</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3458</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">令吉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于这样,在去年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">月国会中,来自民主联盟党(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">MUDA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)的赛沙迪赞同所有政治人物应缴纳公积金,而不是领取退休金。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">先让我们为政治人物算一算他们的福利和退休金,就可知道参政者(国会议员)在年达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">50</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">岁以后,如曾服务不少过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">36</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">个月,就可每月领取</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">千余令吉的退休金;而任期至少两届的国会议员,则可领取</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">60%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">的退休金,即</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">9600</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">令吉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">此外,若曾当过州议员或上议员,也另有退休金;还有如果曾有幸担任部长或副部长或政务次长也会有退休金。因此如果一名从政者先担任州议员,再任下议员,或被委为上议员,他就挤入三大享受行列。如果他还担任过部长或副部长或其它官职,或曾但任州务大臣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">/</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">首席部长或行政议员,就会领取多份的退休金,每个月也有几万令吉的收入,这种不健全和剥削人民的长久福利(直到逝世或遗孀逝世或子女超过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">18</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">岁)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">因此首相安华促请享有此待遇的人,应选择一个退休金,但这些已享受多年福利的政治人士会同意吗?而安华所说的只是“建议”不是“强制”,可能是多余的话,说了也等于白说,谁会放弃眼前的利益呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">至于公务员体制的臃肿已是陈年旧事,即便有议员敢于提出批评,也会被党领导劝说“免开尊口”,行动党议员也尝过这样的告诫。因为不论是执政党或反对党,都不想得罪公务员。如果公务员一家有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">口,则在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">240</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万人中,只要有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">200</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万公务员杯葛某候选人或某政党,全部就会失掉至少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">600</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万张选票。这个数目等于决定一个党的未来和命运。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">因此如果安华对公务员采取较为严厉的措施,要他们缴公积金而不再享有退休金,那政府就会等着被对付的厄运。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然我们也赞成公务员过多非好事,但我国的公务员就是越来越多,从马哈迪时代开始就将许多官方企业纳入官联公司,而雇员不再自动享有退休金后,使到公务员人数一度下降到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">90</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">万名左右,如今却是越来越多,安华可有什么法宝来个釜底抽薪呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不论安华提出的“昌明大马”或“先进大马”都是解决不了当下的难题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为什么我们认为安华不可能有效地解决这些庞大的开销?这是因为他不能拿政权换下台。例如安华在去年委任一大批政治人物担任官联公司的主席或执行长或董事,已经有不下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">70</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">名政治人物被委为有收入的官职,其中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">19</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">人是国会议员,而有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">42</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">人是非国会议员。原来希盟也与国阵不相上下,还说不鼓吹裙带风,结果是委任这个或委任那个也不嫌多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在这些官职中,巫统占</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">17</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">个;公正党</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">15</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">个;诚信党</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">个;行动党</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">个;土保党</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">个;统民党、沙民阵、民进党、砂人民党、马华、全民党、社会民主和谐党及爱沙党各获</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">个官职,真是皆大欢喜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">即便安华否认他有说过不会委“自家人”担任官联公职,但他还是不得不按传统办事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">有人认为安华正在面临经济重重压力,不但不能过于乐观“慷慨解囊”,而且也要量入为出,比如对来自外国的网购征抽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">10%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">进口税,对服务费提高至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">,也是为了弥补失掉消费税的一大收入(原本一年可收益</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">400-450</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">亿令吉)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如今安华不但要面对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">兆令吉的国债,也要面对外资的游动。只有经济的稳定和政治的和谐,才能吸引更多的外资留住,不然马来西亚在外国财团的眼中,将面对难以预测的风险。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">固然我们不认为安华能进行大刀阔斧的改革,但将议员的退休金做出改变则是当务之急。毕竟已退休的政治人物不应长久地享受国家供给的利益。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">对此我们支持政府对将来的政治人物取消退休金制度。既然参政是自愿献身和服务的,又有何“理所当然”的理由要求在退休后给予无限的关照?还有政府对公务员及政治人物在其他方面的超额福利,也应能减则减,不然国库将穷于应对。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 发布于2024年2月1日东方online:https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2024/02/01/628005</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-30226027005041011862024-01-31T16:36:00.000+08:002024-01-31T16:36:03.322+08:00马来人的危机在哪?<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">前首相马哈迪于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>20<span lang="ZH-CN">日在首要领导基金会总部出席“政治家思维:《邦咯条约》</span>150<span lang="ZH-CN">年的教训”演讲会,语气令人震惊地说:我们知道国家已失去很多(土地),不能说不知道。我们已失去北部的四个州(这应该指已成为泰领土的北大年府、陶公府、宋卡府及沙敦府)、廖内群岛、新加坡及槟城,未来</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">年,马来民族将会消失。我们就像是在没有战争下被其他种族所征服的一样,我们需要传达这一讯息。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">他是引用邦咯条约的历史而要马来人引以为戒。这是指英国介入霹雳王位之争,结果在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1874<span lang="ZH-CN">年,霹王储阿都拉与英政府代表签署了“邦咯条约”(</span>The Treaty of Pangkor Island<span lang="ZH-CN">),掀开了马来亚在后来全面沦为英国的殖民地。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这就是马哈迪所说的没有吸取</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">150<span lang="ZH-CN">年(</span>1874-2024<span lang="ZH-CN">)前的教训。但以当时各州统治者划地而治的情况是不可能面对英军的压力,只好放弃行政权力以换取王位的保留。但“邦咯条约”的引用与马哈迪所说的马来人将在</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">年内消失是风马牛不相及的两回事,不能混为一谈。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">下来我们不妨从历史的轨迹进行分析和解读马哈迪的“新论”。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">首先是英国的莱特在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1786<span lang="ZH-CN">年拿下槟榔屿这块宝地,在后来也拿下威省。</span>1819<span lang="ZH-CN">年再拿下新加坡。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于情况特殊,英国在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1826<span lang="ZH-CN">年将槟榔屿、马六甲及新加坡组成“海峡殖民地”;继后在</span>1896<span lang="ZH-CN">年又将霹雳、雪兰莪、森美兰和彭亨组成“马来联邦”;</span>1909<span lang="ZH-CN">年又将吉打、玻璃市、吉兰丹及登嘉楼拢在一起,直到</span>1914<span lang="ZH-CN">年才将柔佛并入,组成“马来属邦”。这样一来,马来亚已成为英国的囊中物。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">意想不到的是,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1963<span lang="ZH-CN">年英国又将东马的沙巴和砂拉越纳入共组马来西亚联邦(但在</span>1976<span lang="ZH-CN">年,国会通过将沙巴及砂拉越的邦地位降为州,直到</span>2023<span lang="ZH-CN">年才再恢复“邦”的地位)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">英国人显然很了解东西马的合并会因为种族、文化与宗教的不同而带来很多问题。但在采取中央集权下,即使沙巴和砂拉越政界有所不满,在缺乏政治势力反抗下,中央政府(以巫统为首)就成了马来西亚的实权者。下来的变化不但强化了马来民族的政治地位及马来政治领袖的权势,其他成员党也只能依附巫统而生存。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">另一方面,在公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">610<span lang="ZH-CN">年穆罕默德宣称受到天启,被阿拉选为使者,以传播伊斯兰教。于是麦加和麦地那成为伊斯兰教的发源地。直到今天,伊斯兰教拥有</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">亿名信徒(占世界人口的</span>19%<span lang="ZH-CN">),是世界第二大宗教。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果按照世界版图来看,穆斯林的人口分布在中东、西亚、北非洲一带及东南亚的马来西亚和印尼等地。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在马来西亚,人口比例分析如下:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1<span lang="ZH-CN">)在</span>1957<span lang="ZH-CN">年,马来亚人口有:马来人</span>300<span lang="ZH-CN">余万,占人口</span>49.8%<span lang="ZH-CN">;华人</span>200<span lang="ZH-CN">余万,占人口</span>37%<span lang="ZH-CN">;印度人</span>73<span lang="ZH-CN">万,占人口</span>11.3%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这就是说,在马来西亚未成立之前,还是以马来人占人口的第一位,这也判定马来人在政治上处于统领的地位。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2<span lang="ZH-CN">)即便在</span>1963<span lang="ZH-CN">年成立马来西亚,因加入其他种族,人口比例也起了变化;尤其是在新加坡于</span>1965<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">日脱离马来西亚后,华人人口顿时少了</span>200<span lang="ZH-CN">万人。例如在</span>1970<span lang="ZH-CN">年马来人人口</span>460<span lang="ZH-CN">余万,占人口</span>53.2%<span lang="ZH-CN">;华人</span>300<span lang="ZH-CN">余万,占人口</span>35.4%<span lang="ZH-CN">及印度人</span>93<span lang="ZH-CN">余万,占人口</span>10%<span lang="ZH-CN">(本来在新加坡加入马来西亚时,人口比例是马来人</span>43%<span lang="ZH-CN">、华人</span>41<span lang="ZH-CN">)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3<span lang="ZH-CN">)今天在西马的总人口已达到</span>3400<span lang="ZH-CN">余万人,其中土著(包括马来民族和原住民)占</span>69.1%<span lang="ZH-CN">,华裔占</span>23%<span lang="ZH-CN">及印裔占</span>6.9%<span lang="ZH-CN">。因此我们只能看到华裔人口的下降而不会上升。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">马来人的生殖率虽已有所控制,但马来民族加上土著已占有人口的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">70%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果我们再回望,从八十年代中期开始,安华就与马哈迪共同推进马来西亚行政回教化,建立回教大学和回教银行等,一向以来没有忽视马来民族的各方利益,在今天依然是占据主导地位,就不知道马哈迪所说的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">10<span lang="ZH-CN">年内马来人将被排在主流外的说法是怎么一回事?除了耸人听闻外,也与事实不符。马来人的危机在哪里?</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 刊登于2024年1月29日《南洋商报》</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-71731423909145789732024-01-26T15:48:00.001+08:002024-01-30T16:31:15.962+08:00以巴战争暴露霸权嘴脸<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">以巴冲突是一个无法解开的民族冲突,它起因于公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">135<span lang="ZH-CN">年犹太人被驱逐出巴勒斯坦后,差不多千多年以来,就发生无数次的冲突;尤其是 在</span>1881<span lang="ZH-CN">年,散居世界各地的犹太人开始回流到巴勒斯坦(也就是昔日的以色列)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">所谓巴勒斯坦在历史上是属于一个地方名,而不是一个民族的称呼。它是狭长形的土地,位于亚洲西北部,地处欧、亚、非的三大交界处。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在公元前</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2000<span lang="ZH-CN">年(距今</span>4000<span lang="ZH-CN">年)一支属于希伯来族的以色列人和犹太人陆续进入巴勒斯坦居住。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">大约在公元前</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1200<span lang="ZH-CN">年,他们开始孕育民族的意识,并创立最古老的犹太教,信奉一神耶和华,藉以团结希伯来人。后来他们在首领摩西的带领下,拟定了“十戒”作为他们的宗教信条。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">公元前</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1025<span lang="ZH-CN">那年,希伯来人建立了“犹太王国”,定都耶路撒冷。到了公元前</span>930<span lang="ZH-CN">年,希伯莱王国分裂,除了西方保有犹太王国外,在北方也另立一个以色列国。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">正因为有此历史渊源,以色列人也被称为犹太人;而犹太人就是以色列人。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">公元前</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">331<span lang="ZH-CN">年,马其顿的亚历山大征服巴勒斯坦,开始了希腊帝国统治时代。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">公元前</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4<span lang="ZH-CN">年,基督教创始人耶稣在耶路撒冷附近的伯利恒诞生(他本是犹太人,但却奇迹般地建立了基督教)。在公元</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">年,耶稣被犹太教下令钉死在十字架上。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">132<span lang="ZH-CN">年,有</span>58<span lang="ZH-CN">万犹太人丧命,罗马皇帝宣布禁止犹太教。从此犹太人被流放到全世界各地。不过在公元</span>380<span lang="ZH-CN">年罗马帝国反而宣布基督教为国教(基督教因而成为世界三大宗教之一),这又是犹太教另一个恶梦的开始。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">即使在公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">500<span lang="ZH-CN">年,犹太精英用</span>150<span lang="ZH-CN">年历史编撰一套“犹太法典”,后来成为犹太人的“手提”祖国。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">另一方面,在公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">622<span lang="ZH-CN">年,先知穆罕默德在麦地那创建伊斯兰教。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">因此耶路撒冷后来也成为三大宗教的圣地之一,即犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然在公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1453<span lang="ZH-CN">年,崛起的奥斯曼帝国(中心地在土耳其)将伊斯兰教推向世界各地,也在</span>1520<span lang="ZH-CN">年占领了巴勒斯坦。这意味着巴勒斯坦进入了一个新世纪,直到奥斯曼帝国因靠向德国而在第一次世界大战(</span>1914-1918<span lang="ZH-CN">)中吃了败仗,也就不得不将巴勒斯坦及耶路撒冷移交英国托管。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">英国正需以巴勒斯坦作为筹码,因而它不遗余力地帮助犹太人复国。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">与此同时,犹太人也借第一次世界大战之爆发拉拢英国支持犹太人复国。就这样,犹太复国主义成了以色列的新旗帜,发起人西奥多·赫茨尔。他鼓吹犹太复国主义(又称锡安主义),在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1897<span lang="ZH-CN">年让犹太教成为焦点(第一次犹太复国主义大会于当年在瑞士巴塞尔举行),有数万计的犹太人因之迁居巴勒斯。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1917<span lang="ZH-CN">年,英国见机会成熟,乃提出“贝尔福宣言”,除了确定犹太人的法定地位外,还承诺让犹太人返巴勒斯坦建国。于是有更多的犹太人返回了巴勒斯坦。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但原在巴勒斯坦生活的阿拉伯人始终不接受犹太人的回归,他们认为这是阿拉伯人的土地,已占有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1500<span lang="ZH-CN">年,为何要与犹太人分享土地呢?</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">按照</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1947<span lang="ZH-CN">年联合国通过的提案,巴勒斯坦被划分成两个国家,一个叫以色列占有土地</span>56%<span lang="ZH-CN">(约</span>1.52<span lang="ZH-CN">万平方公里);而巴勒斯坦国则得到</span>43%<span lang="ZH-CN">的土地(约占</span>1.15<span lang="ZH-CN">万平方公里);当中耶路撒冷仍归英国管治。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">正因为居住在巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯人视宗教为其重要指标,因此决不同意以色列立国,而是决心将犹太人一一赶走。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在双方一言不合下,以巴第一次战争就在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1948<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>14<span lang="ZH-CN">日爆发。因以色列单方面宣布独立,而阿拉伯国家在反对声中开始了战争。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这种战争先后打了五次,但没有一次是阿拉伯占上风的,也就有了所谓和谈的意向,包括</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1978<span lang="ZH-CN">年以埃签署“戴维营协议”,并促成以埃在</span>1980<span lang="ZH-CN">年建交。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">继之在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1993<span lang="ZH-CN">年又签署了“奥斯陆协定”,结果促成以色列和约旦建交。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">此外,也有其他阿拉伯国家开始与以色列接触,包括阿联酋等国。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于巴勒斯坦问题一直不能解决,也就导致巴勒斯坦中的一支激进派组织在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2007<span lang="ZH-CN">年的选举中取得加沙的执政权,但它无法得到以色列的善待,以色列坚持不但要全面控制加沙地带,而且也要全面管制约旦河西岸,也唯有这样才能同意巴勒斯坦独立。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这种情况正如美国总统拜登所说,也许巴勒斯坦的立国将没有军队。这是什么鬼话?一个独立的国家没有军队,等于没有国防和安全设施,这又算是什么国家?难怪联合国秘书长古特雷斯形容这是剥夺巴勒斯坦人民的权利,是不可被接受的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">明明是在战后联合国同意以巴分治成两个国家,但很不幸的,经过数次中东战争,以色列占有的土地竟高达</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2<span lang="ZH-CN">万平方公里(比原先的</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">万</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">千平方公里多了</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">千平方公里)。反之,巴勒斯坦的土地只剩下</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">千平方公里(比原来的</span>1.15<span lang="ZH-CN">万平方公里少了近乎一倍)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在找不到出路下,哈马斯于去年</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">10<span lang="ZH-CN">月发起突袭以色列,造成</span>800<span lang="ZH-CN">名以色列人死亡。很快的,以色列则掀起全面封锁的攻势,造成数万人丧生及数百万人流离失所。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在巴解机构完全无能力控制约旦河西岸后,阿巴斯的领导已处于完全被挨打的状态。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">既然以巴冲突无从展望,我们又如何寄望于英国和美国发挥作用,只要以巴问题一日不解决,未来的时局进入不稳定状态是极有可能的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">无可否认的以色列在军事上足够强大,哈马斯不是它的对手,但已是立国的以色列,为何要咄咄逼人,对巴勒斯坦穷追猛打?这个世界好像只有强权在说话。更大的遗憾是,西方列强皆靠向以色列,导致以色列将矛头对准巴勒斯坦人,不然为何巴勒斯坦人直到今天仍不见独立的影子?</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 发布于2024年1月25日东方online: https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2024/01/25/626490</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-38731285307926874582024-01-24T16:24:00.000+08:002024-01-31T16:34:35.842+08:00马中将举办“义净国际大会”<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">团结部长艾伦达干说,适逢今年(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2024<span lang="ZH-CN">年)马中建交</span>50<span lang="ZH-CN">周年,马中两国将联办“义净国际大会”,以宣扬在公元二三世纪时,佛教已在马来亚的吉打布秧谷(</span>Lembah
Bujang<span lang="ZH-CN">)落地生根。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然没有印尼的婆罗浮屠(公元九世纪)著名(俗称的“救人一命,胜造七级浮屠”与这地方的历史有关),也没有柬埔寨的吴哥窟古迹的发现(十二世纪)而轰动世界,但在布秧河流域发现的陶器及其他物品等时,包括在吉打慕打挖掘一条运河时,发现了佛塔沉淀在河底下,倒引发考古学家去研究最早的人种起源的问题。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但这又和义净有什么关系?为何马中两国这么重视义净这位历史人物?而他又与布秧谷有何关系?</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">邓鸿瑞博士的大作《寻找义净大师的足迹》让我们从中看到文物古迹对历史的重要性。他原是在澳洲大学教导电机工程的教授,如今已退休,专研佛教。如果如今马中开展义净国际大会也邀请邓博士与会和参与主讲,肯定会使大会内容更加生动。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">除了法显大师(公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">334-420<span lang="ZH-CN">年)及唐玄奘(西游记中的唐三藏)(公元</span>602-664<span lang="ZH-CN">年)的西行故事我们有所了解外,第三位大师就是名留青史的义净法师(公元</span>635-713<span lang="ZH-CN">年)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">义净法师,俗姓张,名文明,祖籍范阳(北京)齐州山庄(山东省)长清县人,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">14<span lang="ZH-CN">岁出家。在公元</span>671<span lang="ZH-CN">年,他得到州官冯孝全资助,于同年</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">月从番禺(广州)乘搭波斯商船向南航行,先抵达泰南洛坤(前古佛逝国),再行至末罗瑜(今印尼占卑),继之转到马来亚的吉打。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在邓博士的笔下,他对吉打的布秧谷有如此的描述:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">公元三世纪,印度古迹就有吉打古国的记录。书中记录的地名叫</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Kataha<span lang="ZH-CN">。到了七世纪,这个印度名称还出现在文献。当义净法师的王家帆船停泊在吉打古国时,他说这个古国叫“羯荼”(吉打),这个中文名字非常接近</span>Kataha<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">长久以来,吉打州的河口是马六甲海峡北端的重要通道。唐代以前,吉打是横越马来半岛陆路的要冲,从中国、印度或阿拉伯运来的货物,很多再由此转运到邻邦。到了唐代(公元</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">618-907<span lang="ZH-CN">年),羯荼古国成为一个重要的海港。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">考古学家于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1936<span lang="ZH-CN">年在羯荼国遗址作大规模的挖掘时,陆续找到大量各类的文物,其中数量较多的是宋元时期的陶瓷器碎片,它们与砂拉越、苏门答腊和菲律宾出土的陶瓷器相似。因此可以断定在公元十四世纪前,羯荼国的商贸重要性有如后世的马六甲在东南亚是一个非常重要的转口贸易港。在布秧河谷以南的</span>Sungai
Mas<span lang="ZH-CN">村在</span>1980<span lang="ZH-CN">年挖掘一条灌溉的水道时,出乎意料地发现许多唐代的陶瓷碎片,也由此可以断定早在唐朝时,</span>Sungai
Mas<span lang="ZH-CN">也已是唐代的重要贸易港。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据考证,我们所说的古羯荼国是位于今日亚罗士打西南方</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">50<span lang="ZH-CN">公里的地方,有一个名叫秧河谷的地区,其面积有</span>400<span lang="ZH-CN">平方公里,出土的古建筑有</span>87<span lang="ZH-CN">所,其中</span>60<span lang="ZH-CN">所是庙宇。如今在古迹的原址还盖了布秧河谷考古博物馆,坐落在峇都的半山腰。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在布秧河谷的出土文物中,有发现两个佛像,一个是带有笈多王朝(中世纪的印度王朝)风格的接引佛像,是六至七世纪的青铜佛像。另一个是一尊红陶塑成的鬼子母神(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Hariti<span lang="ZH-CN">),估计是七至九世纪的作品,于</span>1980<span lang="ZH-CN">年在</span>Sungai Mas<span lang="ZH-CN">找到。它是唯一仅存的子母神像。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就中国而言,义净法师的扬名不但他的旅程与“一带一路”挂上钩,而成为中国第一个开辟海陆的人。而且中国在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">日,在山东举办“义净西行与一带一路座谈会”。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">接着在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2023<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>20<span lang="ZH-CN">日,在中国济南又举行首届“义净文化论坛”,参加单位有社科院、北大、人大、师范大学、南京大学、山东大学等学术机构的专家,</span>200<span lang="ZH-CN">余人齐集一堂。除了为大唐义净研究中心揭牌外,也有长官及专家参与主讲。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由此可见,中国对义净的重视,也必将赞赏马来西亚将为义净法师举行国际大会。若马中能在布秧河谷的基础上进一步充实和强化所出土的文物而将之系统化,不避宗教因素,必能弘扬早年的辉煌历史,也极可能会申遗成功,照亮马来西亚的历史。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 刊登于2024年1月23日《南洋商报》</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-36817776920864122502024-01-19T15:45:00.002+08:002024-01-30T15:48:25.105+08:00选举过后台湾路在何方?<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: right;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">2024</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">年的台湾总统选举经过一番激烈角逐后,终于尘埃落定,一共有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">1400</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">万选民参加投票(投票率</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">71.9%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">),选举结果是:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(一)民进党的赖清德和萧美琴分别中选正副总统,得票</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">5,562,332<span lang="ZH-CN">张,占</span>40.08%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(二)国民党的候选人分别是侯友宜和赵少康,得票</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4,645,219<span lang="ZH-CN">张,占</span>33.47%<span lang="ZH-CN">,未能当选。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(三)民众党的候选人分别是柯文哲和吴欣盈,得票</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3,670,463<span lang="ZH-CN">张,占</span>26.44%<span lang="ZH-CN">,未能当选。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">本来还有一对无党派的总统候选人郭台铭与赖佩霞宣称将提名参选,后在未公布原因下退选了。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">郭台铭是台湾首富,也曾参加国民党,但因未被党提名为候选人,乃宣告自成阵营,一时看来很有看头。未想情况有变,这就使得台湾剩下三对候选人争夺岛主的地位。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但不论台湾的政党斗争得如何惨烈,且又各自表态,但始终没有一个政党承诺会寻求两岸统一。换句话说,台湾的政党所鼓吹的和它所推行的,是一套与中国大陆相反的政制;更不能被中国同意与理解的是,明明美国已承认台湾是属于中国的一部分,且也承认只有一个中国,但美国始终不愿坦然地建议两岸进行谈判和交流寻求共识。因此从蒋介石到蒋经国再到李登辉等,都不同意也不能接受台湾归属中国。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">直到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1996<span lang="ZH-CN">年,李登辉届满时台湾才推出所谓的总统选举。这一选就把中台的关系进一步拉开。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">尽管美国没有公开表明支持台湾的独立,也并未与大陆切割所有联系,但在政治和军事行动中却把台湾当成美国在太平洋的重要基地,不断地提供军事物质和强化台湾的武装力量,目的就是阻止和遏制中国不能改变台湾的实体。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">事实上,台湾的地缘政治与香港有些不同,虽然它们都曾经是中国的领土,也曾是其他国家的殖民地。但英国是通过鸦片战争(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1842<span lang="ZH-CN">年)占有香港;而在中日甲午战争(</span>1895<span lang="ZH-CN">年)后台湾又割予日本。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在先后失掉两块土地后,中国也进入百年屈辱的年代,直到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1945<span lang="ZH-CN">年日本战败后,才将台湾交还给中国。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当时主政中国的是蒋介石领导的中华民国,也就被蒋介石刻意安排台湾与中国有一定的距离。毕竟在地理位置上,台湾离开大陆有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">100<span lang="ZH-CN">海里;而海南岛离开大陆只有</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">海里,一下子就会被中国的军力攻克。因此蒋介石选择台湾作为“生存的基地”,而舍弃海南岛。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当中国发生内战后(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1946-1949<span lang="ZH-CN">),基本上国民党和共产党的军队是在大陆的本土进行生死决斗,没有涉及台湾、澳门和香港。因此当</span>1949<span lang="ZH-CN">年毛泽东主席解放全中国时,并没有将这三个地方的主权拉进来重新安排。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为此,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1949<span lang="ZH-CN">年后,英国继续统治香港,但它有条约在身,必须在</span>99<span lang="ZH-CN">年租期届满后,把香港还给中国(英国于</span>1896<span lang="ZH-CN">年向清廷租赁新界</span>99<span lang="ZH-CN">年,在</span>1997<span lang="ZH-CN">年到期)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果从土地面积而言,整个香港面积为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2755.03<span lang="ZH-CN">平方公里,其中水域面积为</span>1650.64<span lang="ZH-CN">平方公里,陆地面积有</span>1105.6<span lang="ZH-CN">平方公里。在这之中,香港岛只有</span>80.7<span lang="ZH-CN">平方公里,九龙为</span>46.9<span lang="ZH-CN">平方公里。因此必须与新界及离岛的面积</span>978<span lang="ZH-CN">平方公里合起来,香港才能有土地超越</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">千平方公里。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果说英国只保留香港岛和九龙半岛,合起来不过是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">127.6<span lang="ZH-CN">平方公里(比槟岛的</span>293<span lang="ZH-CN">平公里还要小一倍以上),连生存都有问题,英国就索性连新界也一起还给中国算了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">台湾的情况是因为日本已把台湾还给中国(当时是中华民国接手),但不是交到中共之手。因此毛泽东在当年是想一鼓作气解放台湾,未想在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1950<span lang="ZH-CN">年爆发韩战,台湾的政务也被耽搁了。直到中国解放并与美国和解(</span>1972<span lang="ZH-CN">年)后,中台的问题才又回到谈判桌来。可是美国却玩着两面政策,一面与中国修好关系;另一面又支持台湾与中共对抗,以致到今天,在美国的立场上,只能说台湾不独立,但在此话之后的诸多问题,又是节外生枝了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就此而言,今次的台湾选举已让我们看到美国和台湾人民的矛盾心态,美国官方一直拉住中国后腿,使它不能与台湾作进一步交流;而在台湾方面,又让选民继续营造一个与大陆无关的政治环境,以让台湾选民在投票后也乐在其中。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不过,我们从台湾选民的投票倾向来看,他们不尽然是相信民进党能谋求“独立”的。因此也把票投给不同的政党,比如较为明显的是,台湾立法会中的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">113<span lang="ZH-CN">席,本来民进党占有</span>65<span lang="ZH-CN">席,可轻易通过法案和动议,但今天反倒是民进党只剩</span>51<span lang="ZH-CN">席,比国民党的</span>52<span lang="ZH-CN">席还少,而民众党则有</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">席。这对赖清德的施政无疑是一大阻力。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当然如果有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">60%<span lang="ZH-CN">以上的选民“不支持”民进党,那是从数目上来说,因此柯文哲所得的票数,不等于这些选民会把票也投给国民党的。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就我们分析,台湾的选民大致上希望“保持现状”,但在不改变下保持现状又非中国长期能够承受,所以双方还得有一定的调整,如果不称一国两制,那也不懂称什么好了。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在中国看来,除了主权、外交与国防是核心问题外,其他的行政自主或地方自治或参加国际会议,只要不自称“中华民国”或“台湾国”,自行与中国切割,就会减少尖锐的对峙。但问题是双方的无止境对抗,换来一次又一次的伤害,到头来是两败俱伤,没有赢家。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果台湾因为选举而造成国家分裂,甚至又跑出一个“台独”来,那就是大件事了,也许连美国都不知道后果是怎样的?这就需要两岸用智慧来思考民族的大问题了。当一个民族强大了,它就不容易被改变和屈从,也不可能被“同化”,而是可以“求同存异”,在一个屋檐下的民族可以有不同的生活方式,比如香港保留资本主义,台湾又何尝不能达成一个可以被接受的“和而不武”呢?</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>发布于2024年1月18日东方online: https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2024/01/18/624981</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-31056303830016945642024-01-17T16:22:00.001+08:002024-01-31T16:23:16.505+08:002047与2049是什么?<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">首先我们先讨论“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2047<span lang="ZH-CN">”的意思。这是指香港在</span>1997<span lang="ZH-CN">年回归中国后,邓小平承诺在</span>50<span lang="ZH-CN">年内,香港依然保持其资本主义体系。换句话说,从</span>1997<span lang="ZH-CN">年到</span>2047<span lang="ZH-CN">年的半个世纪里,香港依然享有资本主义的制度,也就是“一国两制”。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">现在香港回归中国已经</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">25<span lang="ZH-CN">年了,未想间中发生两件大事。其一在</span>2003<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>7<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">日不幸爆发的</span>50<span lang="ZH-CN">万人大示威,坚决反对推行“第</span>23<span lang="ZH-CN">条文国安法”。在压力下,香港行政长官(特首)董建华除了收回拟议中的条文外,也提早在</span>2005<span lang="ZH-CN">年卸职(原本第二任特首是在</span>2007<span lang="ZH-CN">年才届满)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在董建华之后是公务员曾荫权继位(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2005-2012<span lang="ZH-CN">),再下来是梁振英(</span>2012-2017<span lang="ZH-CN">)及林郑月娥(</span>2017-2022<span lang="ZH-CN">)。接下来接任的是警界出身的李家超(</span>2022-
<span lang="ZH-CN">)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">其二,香港回归后的第二次运动发生在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2014<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>28<span lang="ZH-CN">日,香港的一批教学界人士发起“占中运动”,又称为“雨伞运动”。主要发起人是港大副教授戴耀廷、社会学者陈健民及牧师朱耀明,他们三人被称为“占中三子”,号召民众冲入公民广场,展开</span>79<span lang="ZH-CN">天的“占领运动”,要求政府推行民主的双普选(直选特首和议员),而不是通过筛选才能成为候选人。这是发生在梁振英当特首的时代。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">未想在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">5<span lang="ZH-CN">年后,也就是</span>2019<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">日,进入林郑月娥掌权时代,她面对的是一场史无前例的群众大示威运动,组织者声称超过</span>200<span lang="ZH-CN">万人,是香港有史以来最大规模的示威。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">示威者的诉求也有所升级,也提升到“反送中条例”(逃犯条例),即反对将港人被引渡到中国国内受审。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">正好在那一年(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2019<span lang="ZH-CN">年),疫情已扩散到香港而加重了局势的紧张,香港政局处在风雨飘摇中。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">与此同时,中国人大也毫不妥协,反而决心推出“香港国安法”条文,列入“基本法”的附件三,正式生效(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">日)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">有人认为这是终结一国两制;但也有人认为香港仍有机会走新的“一国两制”,但没有人能预测香港人的明天,因为还有那么远的路要走。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">另一方面,北京大学出版的著作《中国</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2049<span lang="ZH-CN">走向世界经济强国》是十分引人注目的,因为这一年刚好是中国建国</span>100<span lang="ZH-CN">年。也就是说,尚有</span>25<span lang="ZH-CN">年就是百年国庆(</span>1949-2049<span lang="ZH-CN">)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这是中国主席习近平在这些年来不断地强调的两个百年大计之一。第一个百年已在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2021<span lang="ZH-CN">年落实,那是指中共立党于</span>1921<span lang="ZH-CN">年,在两年前已立党百年,也被中国政府形容为它已让人民脱贫,走向小康社会。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据此书的作者姚洋、(美)杜大伟及黄益平在序文中说:在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年全面建成小康社会,实现第一个百年奋斗的基础上,再奋斗</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">年,就能在</span>2035<span lang="ZH-CN">年基本实现社会主义现代化;从</span>2035<span lang="ZH-CN">年到本世纪中叶,在基本实现现代化的基础上,再奋斗</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">年,就可把中国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不过,作者也同意和认为要达到第二个百年目标,中国仍面对许多挑战和不确定性。这包括中国的经济政策与制度和市场经济相比较,仍然存在十分明显的差异,例如国有企业虽然数目已有下降,但在经济领域,特别是上游产业及金融领域,政府仍处于主导及干预地位。在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">130<span lang="ZH-CN">个国家中,中国政府干预程度的指数排在第</span>14<span lang="ZH-CN">位,与自由市场经济相比,中国的干预政策更为普遍。有些学者也因之将中国标签为“国家资本主义”,并指出当今中美贸易的冲突焦点也围绕在对干预政策的指摘。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当然中国也注意到它所实行的“经济双轨制”(支持国有企业,也支持私有企业)是一个过渡性策略,不能长期保持,但它同样反对美国以安全为理由,阻止中国采购高科技电子产品。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">因此开放是双向的而不是单行的。不论美国的资本主义与中国的社会主义有何实质上的不同,但两者之间的共同利益并不影响两国发展友好关系。以尼克逊于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1972<span lang="ZH-CN">年访华后的世界变化来看,它不是已变得更好,而不再走进“剑拔弩张”的死胡同了吗?在今天来说,意识形态已放在次要地位,重要的是各安其位,共同致力世界和平。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果中国要安然迎接伟大的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2049<span lang="ZH-CN">年,那么中美之间一定要搭建一座不朽的桥梁,不然世界美在哪里?</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 刊登于2024年1月16日《南洋商报》</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-3534286932767061572024-01-12T17:48:00.001+08:002024-01-30T15:44:37.106+08:00沙巴又祸起萧墙?<p> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">表面上看来,沙巴政局是稳定的,至少在未来</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">2<span lang="ZH-CN">年内应是不会改变,除非在</span>2015<span lang="ZH-CN">年的州选来一个大变化。</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但为未雨绸缪,报章指出巫统主席阿末扎希为此事专门飞赴沙巴,以了解真相。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在此之前,沙巴巫统主席邦莫达暗示准备与民兴党主席沙菲益所领导的政党进行合作。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">有关的消息是由争议性的评论人士拉惹伯特拉所揭露。他更进一步绘声绘影指说已有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">123<span lang="ZH-CN">名国会议员转而支持国盟,以寻求更换政府。其中名单显示,有</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">名沙民阵议员及</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">名沙巴国阵议员转而支持国盟。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然事后所谓的传言并未发生,连国盟秘书长韩沙(国会反对党领袖)也对此事全不知情。因此,在与沙巴巫统领袖会谈后,阿末扎希澄清说,他到沙巴是要了解情况,而沙巴并没有出现政治危机。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">现在我们针对民兴党主席沙菲益建议巫统在下届州选时进行合作,虽然邦莫达没有即刻应允,但他显然已是默许。于是阿末扎希的到来是理所当然的。阿末扎希也放下一句耐人寻味的话说巫统不反对与其他党合作,是否包括民兴党不得而知。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">其实自从沙巴加入马来西亚后,它所带出的问题是令人眼花缭乱的。先是在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1963<span lang="ZH-CN">年马来西亚成立后未及两年,就发生州元首慕斯扎法与首席部长唐纳史蒂芬的激烈斗争,主要是争夺具有实权的首长职位。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">即便慕斯扎法领导的沙统是属于回教占多数的政党,但在沙巴还是以卡达山人为主(他们也被称为伊班人)。唐纳史蒂芬就是这个族群的首领,可是在两年后,中央首相东姑撤除唐纳史蒂芬的首长职,改任主掌沙巴事务的首相署部长。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在板倒唐纳史蒂芬后,并没有让慕斯扎法上台,而是在折衷下,换了沙华公会的罗思仁出任首长。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">未想只过了两年,即</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1967<span lang="ZH-CN">年的州选举,罗思仁竟落选了,慕斯扎法领导的沙统却成功击败卡达山民族统一机构而改由慕斯扎法出任首长。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">掌权后,慕斯扎法使用独裁的手段统治沙巴</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">9<span lang="ZH-CN">年,即使联邦首相敦拉萨(第二任)在</span>1974<span lang="ZH-CN">年企图将他调任中央任国防部长(明升暗降),他也不接受,改由他派出的人选担任副国防部长。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这不但得罪了敦拉萨,也引发当地的政治不安。于是在一场精心策划下,由哈里斯领导的人民党登台了。这个政党的背后主导人其实是唐纳史蒂芬(他的卡达山党大多数成员属于天主教徒)。在第三任首相胡先翁的领导下,全力支持人民党将慕斯扎法的沙统一举打倒,也就在那年出现唐纳史蒂芬的回巢(但此时他已皈依回教,易名为福尔)。讵料刚上任不到三个月,又因其乘坐的直升机坠毁,连同另三名部长一齐牺牲。这宗事故也没有结论,却造就了哈里斯登上首长宝座。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">来到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1986<span lang="ZH-CN">年的选举,哈里斯又被中央指为滥权专制,因而由拜林组成的团结党在州选中一举击败人民党,成为新的领导人物。拜林也是天主教徒,但在马哈迪支持下,他成功把哈里斯踢走。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但好景不长,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1990<span lang="ZH-CN">年的大选时,不知何故拜林的团结党竟然倒向支持东姑拉沙里领导的</span>46<span lang="ZH-CN">精神党,顿使马哈迪大发雷霆,声称不会再给拜林机会。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">即使沙巴在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1994<span lang="ZH-CN">年被迫举行州选,这一回拜林的对手不再是慕斯扎法或哈里斯,而是已经被巫统吸纳的沙统转成沙巴巫统,正面迎战拜林的团结党。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然拜林在选后虽仍占有多数席,但因议员的跳槽,拜林也失去执政权。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">从</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1995<span lang="ZH-CN">年起到</span>2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年,沙巴政权尽是国阵的天下,而且从</span>2004<span lang="ZH-CN">年起,一律由巫统议员出任首长,政党轮流执政的故事也就结束了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">到了</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,崛起的民兴党击败了国阵而成为新的执政党,并由党主席沙菲益担任首长。沙菲益原是巫统副主席,因与纳吉失和而被冻结党籍,结果另立新党。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">民兴党掌权后其政权并不稳,在议员变节下,沙菲益在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年宣布闪电大选。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">结果在声望下跌下,他的党只能拿下</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">32<span lang="ZH-CN">席,而由国盟组成的联合阵线赢得</span>38<span lang="ZH-CN">席。这样一来,就由土团党委派哈芝芝诺出任首席部长。哈芝芝诺并非等闲之辈,他原是巫统的一方领导,被慕尤丁重用,改由他领军拿下沙巴,首席部长就非他莫属了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">然而不到一年的时间,哈芝芝诺率其亲信共同倒向支持安华,并成立“民意党”,告别土团党。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在得到安华支持下,哈芝芝诺的地位相对稳固,但如果面对民兴党与巫统的“结合”,一旦被落实,整个团结政府必起内讧。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据沙巴</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4<span lang="ZH-CN">个政党(沙团结党、沙立新党、沙进步党及沙统)在去年初发表的文告指出,他们支持哈芝芝诺的领导。如果巫统退出支持希盟,而民兴党又离希盟而去,则团结政府未分裂也已经在内部分化。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;">沙巴政治的悲哀,由此可见一斑。</span></p><p>发布于2024年1月11日东方online: https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2024/01/11/623449</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-49521257759734182752024-01-09T15:58:00.000+08:002024-01-31T16:22:05.456+08:00两岸历史因台湾而改变<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不论台湾总统选举(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>13<span lang="ZH-CN">日投票)的结果如何,都不是大陆至为关心的大事,中国所关心的只有一个议题,那就是台湾绝不可谋求独立,它只能沉默或不沉默地认定台湾是大陆的一部分,这样才不会祸起萧墙,否则难保不会引发动乱或战乱。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于这样,我们不能单纯地评析大选的结果,也不能以为选举可能改变一切,这不现实,也无法来个改头换面。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">台湾与中国大陆原是系出一统的,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1912<span lang="ZH-CN">年孙中山建立中华民国起,它就是一个新生的共和国,前半生叫“中华民国”(直至</span>1949<span lang="ZH-CN">年),后半生叫“中华人民共和国”(</span>1949<span lang="ZH-CN">年直到今天)。因此前者在法理上已找不到“独立”的条件。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在二战后,有三大历史事件改变了台湾的地缘政治和巩固了中国的政治地位。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(一)第一件事是发生在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1947<span lang="ZH-CN">年的“二二八”事件。这是指在</span>1947<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>28<span lang="ZH-CN">日在台北市发生缉私组官员没收民妇售卖的私烟,结果法引发暴动。在国民党镇压下,终被压下,但民众的怒火已被燃烧起来。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(二)第二件事是发生在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1971<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>25<span lang="ZH-CN">日的联合国大会上,通过恢复“中华人民共和国”在联合国的一切合法权利;台湾的“中华民国”也因之退出联合国。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">翌年,美国尼克逊总统于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1972<span lang="ZH-CN">年访华,极力与中国建立友好关系,是为了克制苏联对世界造成的威胁,世界也因之呈现三角关系而不得不牺牲台湾。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1990<span lang="ZH-CN">年苏联解体后,美国便逐渐调整战略,转而视中国为头号敌手,因此才有了特朗普上台后(</span>2017<span lang="ZH-CN">年)对中国的打压与重新围堵。直到今天,世界呈现动荡不安,就美国人看来是在几十年前(</span>1972-2017<span lang="ZH-CN">)的失误所带来的后果,但一切似乎已太迟了,因为今日的中国已非百年前的落后国家。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(三)第三件大事是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1979<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">日在高雄发生的党外势力与国民党较量,起因是美丽岛杂志社鼓吹大示威游行,酿成冲突与流血悲剧。因此也被称为“美丽岛事件”。直到</span>2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年共有</span>156<span lang="ZH-CN">人才被取消刑事罪名。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">也因为这件事,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1986<span lang="ZH-CN">年民进党成立了,打出台独宣言。这也激怒了中国政府对台湾的“自我定策”感到十分不满。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然如此,台湾依然在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1996<span lang="ZH-CN">年推行总统选举,由国民党的李登辉胜出。但在</span>2000<span lang="ZH-CN">年的选举,却换成民进党的陈水扁当家,而在</span>2008<span lang="ZH-CN">年的选举才回到国民党的马英九手上。不料在</span>2016<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,又是民进党的蔡英文插旗。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这种政党轮替制被台湾政党形容为民主与人权的大胜利,也因之本届的台湾总统选举又是以此为主题。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就民调而言,今天三个政党中势力最强的是民进党,下来才是国民党,而民众党殿后。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据非正式的民调显示:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">台湾“民意基金会”的民调分别是民进党的赖萧配</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">32.4%<span lang="ZH-CN">、国民党的侯康配</span>28.2% <span lang="ZH-CN">及民众党的柯盈配</span>22%<span lang="ZH-CN">。换句话说,赖萧领先侯康</span>4.2%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">TVBS<span lang="ZH-CN">的民调显示,赖萧配</span>33%<span lang="ZH-CN">、侯康配</span>30% <span lang="ZH-CN">及柯盈配</span>22%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">《联合报》的民调则是赖萧配</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">32%<span lang="ZH-CN">、侯康配</span>27% <span lang="ZH-CN">及柯盈配</span>21%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">还有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">ETtoday<span lang="ZH-CN">民调称赖萧配</span>38.9%<span lang="ZH-CN">、侯康配</span>35.8% <span lang="ZH-CN">及柯盈配</span>22.4%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果民调没有太过离谱,赖萧当选的可能性较大,但也不能过早下定论,因为他们对大陆的政策也足以左右选情。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">比如赖清德的两岸政策是:国防要加强、两岸维持现状,间中虽减低他的“台独”形象,但他强调</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2300<span lang="ZH-CN">万台湾人民共同决定台湾的未来。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">侯赵的两岸政策是:接受合乎“中华民国宪法”的“九二共识”,但反对“一国两制”下的“九二共识”,也主张维持现状,带领台湾重回和平稳定,因而反对台独;也反对一国两制,认定要加强台湾的防卫能力。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">更为坦率的是,赵少康主张经济靠中国,国防靠美国,真是左右逢源。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">柯盈配的两岸政策是:强调台湾自主,两岸和平,确保台湾人保有现有的民主自由的政治体制。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">从上分析,三党的候选人对大陆政策并没有实质上的改变,只是强调维持现状,并不断宣扬民主与人权为主题;而中国也只能以统一和主权遥遥对峙,正是南辕北辙。就此而言,我们仍然无法见证两岸统一有期。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 刊登于2024年1月8日《南洋商报》</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-23006423055099215562024-01-05T17:43:00.001+08:002024-01-11T17:46:47.043+08:00开年迎来两件大事<p> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">由安华领导的团结政府刚刚渡过“平安”的一年,又在新的一年(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt;">2024<span lang="ZH-CN">年)降临时,突传有集团密谋倒安华的团结政府。</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">先是社区通讯局(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Community
Communications Department, J-Kom<span lang="ZH-CN">)的副总监伊斯迈尤索在临近新的一年时(</span>2023<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">日)突爆料有一场新阴谋正在酝酿中,定名为“迪拜行动”(</span>Dubai
Move<span lang="ZH-CN">)。传言有一批来自国盟的后座议员前往阿联酋“度假”时,密谋分头行事,以便拉下安华的政府。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">砂拉越总理阿邦佐哈里形容有关密谋是没事找事做,简直是浪费时间。他说,目前最主要的是政治稳定。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">即便阿兹敏被指是“穿针引线”的人,但没几个人相信真有此事,毕竟这与</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年的“喜来登政变”是两码事。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">所谓“喜来登政变”是与阿兹敏有关。当年(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年)他联同土团党的慕尤丁、伊党的哈迪阿旺乃至巫统的阿末扎希共同发难,才能推翻已分裂的“希盟政府”。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果当年希盟没闹分裂(主要是指马哈迪与安华的斗争白热化,导致前者辞首相职,是没有机会予慕尤丁等人发起政变),今天的局面则大为不同。首先是希盟没闹分裂和内斗,而是依然团结执政;尤其是土团党的议员已有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4<span lang="ZH-CN">人宣布支持安华政府;再加上沙砂对安华的支持,也就不再有空隙让反对党有机可乘。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">除了政治上的挑衅外,在进入新的一年时,马来西亚又迎来了另一个挑战,从</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2024<span lang="ZH-CN">年元旦起,凡在海外网购金额</span>500<span lang="ZH-CN">令吉以下的低价商品(</span>Low Value
Goods<span lang="ZH-CN">,简称</span>LVG<span lang="ZH-CN">),通过海陆空方式寄发到我国,政府将征收</span>10%<span lang="ZH-CN">销售税(</span>Sales Tax<span lang="ZH-CN">)。这是比消费税(</span>GST<span lang="ZH-CN">)的实施更加便捷。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">无可否认的,近些年来,网购海外产品已十分流行,而且有些公司还提供“货不对办”时可以求换或商品损坏时要求重发。但此举政府却无所得,因此征税也在所难免。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就我们所知,我国这些年来的税务都有适度的调整;尤其对东盟的商品实行零关税或象征性关税也已生效。但如果网购是从西方国家或东盟以外的国家购买,便享受不到优惠价格,但享有免征税的方便。为此,政府也就不得不向网购下手。既然批发商和零售商早已付税,为何对网购者网开一面呢?</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这也不由得让我们想起消费税。所谓的消费税是在纳吉首相治理下于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2015<span lang="ZH-CN">年实施的,他以</span>6%<span lang="ZH-CN">的消费税向所有的商家征税,也规定每个商品(批发或零售)都要进行记录,并根据所卖出的商品,加上</span>6%<span lang="ZH-CN">的消费税,由顾客付予,而由商家缴交政府。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">究竟消费税与销售税有何不同?我们有必要简单地解释。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">所谓消费税(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Goods
& Services Tax<span lang="ZH-CN">)是根据国会通过的“</span>1972<span lang="ZH-CN">年销售法令”(</span>Sales
Tax Act 1972<span lang="ZH-CN">)以及“</span>1975<span lang="ZH-CN">年服务税法令”(</span>Service
Tax Act 1975<span lang="ZH-CN">)下征税的。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">依法令规定,销售税是针对不同类别的物品来征</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">5%<span lang="ZH-CN">、</span>10%<span lang="ZH-CN">或其他比例的税收,相关税率由政府规定。另一方面,销售税制度也针对餐饮业、保险服务、通讯服务、酒吧或旅馆等服务抽取</span>6%<span lang="ZH-CN">的服务税。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">换句话说,政府是在两项法令下鸠收商品税务,也向专业或企业征抽服务税,两者通常被统称为“销售税”。在政府的税收中,一年可以从销售税和服务税中取得</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">210<span lang="ZH-CN">亿令吉的收入。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">后来政府在参考其他国家的税务制度后,于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2014<span lang="ZH-CN">年在国会通过商品和服务税法令(</span>Goods & Services Tax Act<span lang="ZH-CN">),并于</span>2015<span lang="ZH-CN">年加以实施,以</span>6%<span lang="ZH-CN">的税务征抽商品和服务项目。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在这项新法令实施后,政府一年之内可在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">GST<span lang="ZH-CN">税务中取得超过</span>400<span lang="ZH-CN">亿令吉的收入,比销售税的收入增加了一倍。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然商家初时也有反对声音,但在了解税务可转嫁给消费者后,异议声也逐渐缩小了。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当民间不再反对消费税后,未想在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年大选后,希盟上台后就取消消费税,恢复销售税,结果不但是换汤不换药,让销售税更进一步向民间讨税,比如对商品的网购实施</span>10%<span lang="ZH-CN">的商品税就是一项新的措施。在没有取消销售税下而鸠收网购费,可谓是双重缴税,与消费税比较,只有多付而没有少付。换句话说,消费者要增加一笔“网购税”了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>发布于2024年1月4日东方online: https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2024/01/04/621792</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-46969748204469317852024-01-03T15:53:00.000+08:002024-01-31T15:54:56.250+08:00取消第三张票理由牵强<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">最近地方议会选举又引起热议,主要是行动党前主席陈国伟开了头,主张从吉隆坡开始恢复第三张票。但引来伊党署理主席端依布拉欣的反对,他认为若是恢复地方选举就会令城乡居民出现更大更显著的种族两极化;而政府在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1976<span lang="ZH-CN">年废除地方选举法令的决定是明智的,也是避免地方政府由一族群统治。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">巫统总秘书阿斯拉夫及首相署部长扎丽哈也异口同声指出,当务之急是关注基本课题和经济发展,而不是恢复地方选举。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为什么政党间对恢复地方选举有这么大的落差?这一切得由槟城说起。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当英国在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1786<span lang="ZH-CN">年占有槟榔屿后,便在</span>1801<span lang="ZH-CN">年成立估税委员会,以便能通过征税用来发展道路和沟渠等。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1808<span lang="ZH-CN">年,乔治市的建筑物开始有了门牌以方便政府征抽门牌税。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">变化终于在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1826<span lang="ZH-CN">年到来,英殖民政府将槟城、新加坡及马六甲并成海峡殖民地(</span>Straits Settlements<span lang="ZH-CN">),以方便管理。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1857<span lang="ZH-CN">年,市政局的法令伴随英国政府一改再改后,于</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">日也在乔治市成立市政局委员会,以取代原先存在的估税委员会等。换句话说,乔治市被视为马来西亚选举的滥觞。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这一年,在乔治市凡是一年缴交</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">25<span lang="ZH-CN">卢比(印度币)的纳税人均有投票权,选举定于每年</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月首周举行。议员共有</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">位,其中主席由英政府派人担任,另一位委员也是委任的,只有</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN">人是“民选”出来的议员。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">有关“选举制度”维持到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1913<span lang="ZH-CN">年才终止,改成全数委任制,议员人数也从</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">名增至</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">名(但选举制度又在</span>1951<span lang="ZH-CN">年恢复,直到</span>1965<span lang="ZH-CN">年再终止)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">正因为这样,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1957<span lang="ZH-CN">年乔治市举行市政局成立百年庆典的活动时,不幸于</span>1957<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">日在四坎店举行大旗鼓游行时发生种族冲突流血事件,酿</span>74<span lang="ZH-CN">人受伤及</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">人死于非命,这是马来西亚独立前留下的污点(马来西亚于</span>1957<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>31<span lang="ZH-CN">日独立)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">英国之所以在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1951<span lang="ZH-CN">年再推出选举制度有两大目的:其一是缓解英方于</span>1948<span lang="ZH-CN">年在马新实施紧急状态,宣布马共为非法组织,大举逮捕和驱逐亲共人士而引起华人的愤概。其二是鼓励华人参政和了解民主,进而隔绝华人支持和接近马共。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在独立前后的马来亚的地方议会(包括市议会、乡村议会及县议会)增加到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">374<span lang="ZH-CN">个。但转入五、六十年代,由于反对党得以在华人多的城市占优势,也就发展成乔治市、马六甲、居銮、增江及沙登等地方议会已被左翼的社阵所控制,而怡保及芙蓉市议会则分别归人民进步党及以陈世英为首的独立阵线所掌政。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">即使后来地方议会兼并成</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">155<span lang="ZH-CN">个,也是让中央耿耿于怀的。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">正是因为反对党(社阵)领导的左翼运动势力不断扩大,又与印尼政府掀起马印对抗,自然触动执政的联盟想方设法约束和挫折左翼造成的威胁。因此在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1964<span lang="ZH-CN">年大选后,在联盟大捷(在国会</span>154<span lang="ZH-CN">席中,赢得</span>123<span lang="ZH-CN">席,超过</span>2/3<span lang="ZH-CN">多数席)下,也就对左翼政团全面打压,包括在</span>1965<span lang="ZH-CN">年以马印对抗为由,宣布紧急状态,暂停地方议会选举。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为此政府还特别成立“皇家调查委员会”,以调查有关西马地区地方议会的运作情况。但在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4<span lang="ZH-CN">年后(即</span>1969<span lang="ZH-CN">年)才将报告提呈中央政府,竟然建议继续举行地方选举,完全不符合政府的政策,也就被搁置一旁。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在另一方面,由中央于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1966<span lang="ZH-CN">年委任的乔治市市议会调查庭就明显地倾向政府的立场。在供证的证人中包括市长南玛纳旦、马华地方领袖马卓达 等,皆对社阵控制下的市议会大加鞭伐,也把林建寿形容为“独断”的背后操控者,使到市议会出现不规则乃至贪污疑案,为接管地方议会铺路。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">自此之后,来到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1976<span lang="ZH-CN">年通过国会正式取消地方议会选举,交由各州政府自行在每个议会委任</span>24<span lang="ZH-CN">名议员,时间一转眼又过了半个世纪。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">其实,以今日的人口在县市混合居住下,也不见得华人会占优势和处于主导地位,就不知道巫统和伊党是怎么想的?但如果英国和美国都不厌其烦地举行地方议会选举,为何马来西亚不能呢?这就是对民主选举制的倒行逆施的一例证。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 刊登于2024年1月1日《南洋商报》</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-49403528450086590122023-12-29T17:36:00.000+08:002024-01-11T17:38:53.092+08:00诚信党突而不破<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">我国团结政府中的一个小党—国家诚信党(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Parti
Amanah Negara<span lang="ZH-CN">)是在</span>2015<span lang="ZH-CN">年成立的,但它是借助原已存在的马来西亚工人党(</span>Parti
Pekerja-Pekerja Malaysia<span lang="ZH-CN">)将之易名而成,也就有了诚信党在</span>2015<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>16<span lang="ZH-CN">日成立。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">诚信党的出现是因为伊斯兰党于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2015<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">日代表大会上,通过宣布与行动党党断交(后来也宣布与公正党断交)导致行动党宣布“人民联盟”(简称民联,由安华在</span>2008<span lang="ZH-CN">年大选后组成,成员党有公正党、行动党及伊党)不复存在。到了</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>17<span lang="ZH-CN">日,公正党也承认民联已瓦解。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">较后,伊党的党选中,保守派势力一举将所谓的开明派的人选扫出党选。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">换句话说,伊党内的开明派也自称为“埃尔多安派”(土耳其总统之名),在选举纷纷落马后,开明派就与保守派(当权派)展开斗争。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就这样末沙布领导的诚信党于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2015<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>22<span lang="ZH-CN">日与公正党及行动党成立“希望联盟”(简称希盟),以取代原先的“民联”。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年的大选中,希盟在马哈迪领导下,意料之外取得中央执政权。希盟政府在改朝换代下,首次取代国阵成为执政集团。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">也由于事先已安排好,由马哈迪再度任相,两年后再交班给安华。本来在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,已届交班日子,但马哈迪并没有明确表示何时卸任,反而在此关键时刻,宣布辞首相职,也就意味着国家暂时没有首相。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">而正在此时(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">月份),一场政变在喜来登酒店发生。结果出现了由慕尤丁领导的“国家联盟”新政府(国盟是由土著团结党、巫统、伊斯党间接连同东马的政党组成)。这样一来,希盟大权旁落,安华首相梦破灭了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但是上位的慕尤丁(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">月担任第八任首相)仅仅执政</span>14<span lang="ZH-CN">个月,就在</span>2021<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>16<span lang="ZH-CN">日被推翻了,改由巫统副主席伊斯迈沙比里就任第九任首相。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">伊斯迈沙比里显然是被巫统所操纵的,他成了巫统主席阿末扎希的棋子。因此在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月有了新的选举(第十五届国会选举)(在时间上,伊斯迈沙比里只担任首相</span>13<span lang="ZH-CN">个月),他是在巫统逼迫下,举行新的大选。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">选后又是出现悬峙国会,希盟及国盟各自宣称已获得超过半数的议席支持(总数</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">222<span lang="ZH-CN">席,半数即超过</span>111<span lang="ZH-CN">席)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在角力下,安华的希盟脱颖而出,因为他也得到砂拉越政党联盟的支持(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">23<span lang="ZH-CN">席),也得到沙巴人民联盟的支持(</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">席)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">统计之下,公正党有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">31<span lang="ZH-CN">席、行动党</span>40<span lang="ZH-CN">席及诚信党</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">席,再加上巫统</span>/<span lang="ZH-CN">国阵的</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">席,已接近半数,再加上东马的支持,安华主政大局已定。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当然没有人知道下一次的大选结果是如何的,因为目前居于反对党地位的伊党(共有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">43<span lang="ZH-CN">席,且执政</span>4<span lang="ZH-CN">个州—吉打、玻璃市、登嘉楼及吉兰丹)和土团党(</span>31<span lang="ZH-CN">席)联手,随时都会发生变化。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但不论政局是朝向稳定或动荡不安,诚信党也帮不了大忙,因为在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年的大选,诚信党跌剩</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">席(</span>2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年有</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">席)。若以区域来算,诚信党在雪州拥有</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">个国席,也得力于公正党和行动党的助力。这意味着,诚信党势力尚未深入民间,例如在</span>2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年的州议席,诚信党在槟州有</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">席,但在</span>2023<span lang="ZH-CN">年只剩下</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">席;在吉打州原有</span>4<span lang="ZH-CN">席,如今席位归零;在霹雳州原有</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">席,如今仅剩</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">席。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">比较令人注目的是,诚信党也幸亏出了几位好议员和好部长,如不久前病逝的沙拉胡丁(贸消部长);又复职的朱基菲里(卫生部长)和现任党署理主席慕加希,可以说是与党主席末沙布(农业部长)齐名的人物;尤其是慕加希,他曾任首相署部长,近日则晋级出任党署理主席,他的父亲是已故尤索拉哇。后者曾在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1969<span lang="ZH-CN">年大选中击败马哈迪而名声大噪,在</span>1983-1989<span lang="ZH-CN">年出任伊党主席。在任期间,适逢伊朗宗教革命成功,也就影响尤索拉哇建议在党内设立长老会。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1989<span lang="ZH-CN">年尤索拉哇将领导权交给法兹诺后,伊党就进一步滑向宗教的道路。在法兹诺于</span>2002<span lang="ZH-CN">年逝世而由哈迪阿旺担任主席后,宗教色彩更加浓厚。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不过诚信党不认同哈迪阿旺的论述,也在多个场合拒绝宗教政治抬头。末沙布说,宗教与种族是最容易被滥用和骑劫的,可是马来西亚是个多元文化的国家,也就需要拒绝极端政治和思想。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">遗憾的是,诚信党直到今天尚未能取代伊党的地位,因为它不具有如伊党能伸入民间的影响力。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为此,我们注意到首相安华在不久前有向伊党伸出橄榄枝,希望后者能加入团结政府。虽然在一时之间伊党未作出积极的回应,但安华显然已在思及政治的下一步走向。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">除非诚信党能自我壮大,否则它要成为伊党第二是比较困难的,这也是今日马来西亚的政治现实。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">正因为诚信党的力量有退无增,也就使到安华不得不出手将马来政治拢合在一起,但这只是起步,离开所谓真正的团结政府还远呢?</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就此而言,诚信党是突而不破的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 发布于2023年12月28日东方online: https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2023/12/28/620386</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-54136383670489741912023-12-29T15:45:00.000+08:002024-01-31T15:47:10.054+08:00安华改组内阁两箭齐发<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">首相安华的内阁改组并没有惊人的改变,但有两个职位是令人瞩目的,其一是行将上任的第二财政部长阿米尔韩查,他在槟城出生,今年</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">56</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">岁,毕业自澳洲邦德大学,拥有工商管理硕士学位。他在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年至</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2018</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年间担任国家能源副总裁,后在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2019-2021</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年升任国能总裁兼总执行长,而后在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2021</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年升任雇员工积金局(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">EPF</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">)总执行长。安华形容他是拥有</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">27</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年企业管理经验的领袖人才,因管理公积金表现突出,被安华委以重任。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">有关第二财长的委任,始自马哈迪主政时期。在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1998</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年安华被革职后,财长一职一度归首相马哈迪兼任,一直到</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2003</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年马哈迪卸职后,才由继任首相阿都拉兼任。到了纳吉任相年代(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2009-2018</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">),他也委任第二财长协助他分担工作,分别是阿末胡斯尼及佐哈利。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">因此安华这次改组内阁委任专才出任第二财长也非出乎意料之外。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">另一位被关注的部长是曾任卫长的祖基菲里,他是诚信党的策略主任。在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2018-2020</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年期间,曾以卫长的身份,有序地缓解我国新冠肺炎病毒。后因发生喜来登政变(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2020</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年),他才失去部长职。直到</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2023</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年诚信党的沙拉胡丁于</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">月份逝世后,安华才委祖基菲里回锅,因为他在疫情严重期间有良好的表现。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">不过,我们也发现到安华对内阁的改组也只能点到为止,基本上保持了公正党、巫统及行动党在团结政府内的实力。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在这方面,我们也注意到安华手上还有两张王牌尚未全面发挥,一个是已经发难的</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">4</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">名土团党议员表明转向支持安华(但不退党,这是反跳槽法令通过后留下的漏洞)。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">根据较新的消息指出,或还会有另外</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">名土团党议员也会公开表明支持安华。若真有此事,则土团党的未来堪忧。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">虽然土团党内部有消息说,会有</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">名公正党的议员不久将 倒向支持国盟,但一直是只闻楼梯声,不见人下来。因此不被当真,只能当成传闻。不过下来两党必会有更大的摊牌,为此消彼长是政治的逻辑。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">另一方面,我们也注意到安华手中仍握有一张尚未尽全力发挥效用的“王牌”,那就是由安华控制的回教青年运动(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abim</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">)。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">这个组织于</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1971</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">日由国民大学的回教学院所成立,但第一届全国大会于</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1972</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年举行,主要集中在教育活动,发起人是华合苏莱曼(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ustaz Wahab Sulaiman</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">),而领导这场运动的是拉扎里纳瓦维及安华。拉扎里是第一任主席,</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1940</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年在吉兰丹出生,</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1966</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年在埃及阿兹哈大学毕业,且在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1971</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年在英国伯明翰大学完成宗教比较硕士学位;更在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1992</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年在大马国际回教大学考取哲学博士学位。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1974</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年安华成为第二任主席。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2023</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">日拉扎里逝世,享年</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">83</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">岁,安华夫妇参加出殡仪式)。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abim</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">的重要成员还有已故伊斯兰党主席法兹诺及现任主席哈迪阿旺等人,但由始至终,这个组织依然操控在安华手中。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年,因受伊朗宗教革命成功的影响,</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abim</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">也在马来西亚推进温和的回教运动,因而在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1982</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年有回教国际大学的成立及</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1983</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年有回教银行之设,会员也由初期的</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">千名(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1972</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年)发展到</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1980</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年的</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">万</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">千名。到了</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2001</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年更是超过</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">万名,但它的影响力主要在城市,而在农村的影响力比较薄弱。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">巧合的是,马哈迪在其回忆录中有这么一段话:我对安华(</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1981</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年)要加入巫统感到惊讶,毕竟他对</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abim</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">的参与,以及他的公开言论,使他理所当然成为伊斯兰党的盟友。不过马哈迪也承认当时安华还被当成伟大的回教领袖。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">“我希望安华的回教学识能成为巫统作为回教捍卫者的信念,增添说服力,因此我决定接受他为党员。”</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在后来,我们已知道安华的故事。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">这当然也是马哈迪始料未及的。但在今天,当伊斯兰党咄咄逼人时,安华已感到若再不出手可能已经晚了。因此安华将会借改组内阁之际,向对方左右开弓,一支射向土团党,另一支射向伊斯兰党。刚好今年的</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abim</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">也换了新主席阿末法米三苏丁,而原任主席费沙则当选净选盟主席,也强化了安华的执政地位,舆论就此认为其意义不亚于内阁的改组,但是否如此?且拭目以待。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>刊登于2023年12月28日《南洋商报》</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-7948066791675886612023-12-26T15:47:00.000+08:002024-01-31T15:48:28.063+08:00百年大变局已在路上<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2023</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年即将成为过去,而</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2024</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年将引领世界走向一个不明朗的未来。不过,一切都得从十五及十六世纪说起。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">一位出生于意大利的航海家哥伦布在西班牙国王资助下,于</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1492</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年到</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1502</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年四度横渡大西洋,并成功到达美洲大陆,为西班牙开拓首个殖民地。此风一开,西方国家也开始在世界各地建立殖民地。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">根据英国著名的社会学家安东尼吉登斯的分析,大约在十八世纪的晚期,西欧发生了两股演变潮流,接着蔓延到美国,一个是工业革命的影响;另一个是政治革命的影响。这两者也将农业社会转向现代工业社会。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">所谓的工业革命始于</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1760</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年,由英国带头推动,一直延续到</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1840</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年。这期间最重要的是,英国人瓦特于</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1759</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年的蒸汽机的发明与改良,把世界引进一个工业时代。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">至于第二个政治革命则是以法国大革命为例,这是在西方社会首次出现的一个世俗化、民主或为民主思想所感召的政权,目的是推翻帝制和寻制,走向资产阶级的时代。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">不论工业革命或政治革命,在十八世纪,欧洲各国也忙于为王权与君主立宪展开激烈的斗争,例如在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1804</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年,拿破仑企图复辟王朝,但到</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1814</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年他被迫退位,后被放逐厄尔巴岛。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">由此可见,欧洲走向君主立宪是无法逆转的潮流,英国即为一例。法国也在战后巩固了第三、第四乃至第五共和国,已标志着君主没落和总统制的兴起。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">与此同时,我们也从另一方面看到一个新政治制度正与方兴未艾的资本主义制度进行激烈和残酷的斗争。这就是在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1848</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年由马克斯与恩格斯发表的《共产党宣言》,不但与资本主义针锋相对,更扬言要通过革命来打败资本主义。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">虽然马克思相信新制度可取代旧制度,但直到今天,尚未有一个西方国家被共产化。反而在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1917</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年列宁领导的布尔什维克派取得胜利后,才在俄罗斯建立起世界第一个社会主义政权,比起法国大革命的目的更为彻底和更见其效。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">抑有进者,列宁还进一步将俄罗斯周边</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">16</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">个国家结合起来,组成“苏维埃社会主义联邦共和国”(苏联)。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在第二次世界大战后,苏联又取得更大的红利,那就是她成功地将欧洲分割为两半,一半归美国领导的西欧,在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1949</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年组成北大西洋公约机构(北约);另一半则是由苏联领导的东欧,在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年组成华沙公约(军事集团),与美国进行激烈的斗争。直到</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1990</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年苏联解体后,华沙才宣布解散。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">同时在第二次世界大战后,又出现另一个社会主义大国—中华人民共和国,也就使到美国不得不两面开弓,世界也就进入了冷战时期,美国的战略是联合回教国家和中立国家与共产国家相互对抗。如在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">60</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年代,回教国家与共产国家未能保持良好关系也主要是受美国的影响。例如马来西亚在五六十年代不与苏联和中国建交皆是出于反共的立场。而印尼原在五六十年代与中国友好,但在六十年代中期则爆发反共反华的示威,不仅连累印中在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1967</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年断交(直到</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1991</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年才复交),而且在一段较长的时间里,回教国家与中苏的关系若即若离。先是美国在七十年代成功策反埃及等国远离苏联而亲美;更在九十年代支持阿富汗的宗教分子向入侵阿富汗的苏联军展开圣战。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">如果我们回顾七十年代中美关系已有所好转,那是因为美国希望争取中国一起抗苏,而不是美国已改变对中国的政治立场;当中国提出“一带一路”倡议时,更是引起美国的高度紧张且怀疑中国的动机。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">其实美国所坚持的这个世界只能有一个霸权国家,那就是美国。今天“一带一路”列车既然已成功地打进美国的后院(欧洲),及中东、非洲和亚洲的回教国家分别与中国的关系向前跨进时,美国的特朗普及拜登已按捺不住其内心的担忧和怒火,因此挫折中国成为新的对手正合其时。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">这也是为什么百年来(中共建党一百年时),习近平主席形容当今世界已进入前所未有的大变局。由此可见,新的一年世情还是不容乐观的。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 刊登于2023年12月25日《南洋商报》</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-24464470735272130662023-12-22T17:33:00.000+08:002024-01-11T17:35:58.823+08:00华人首席部长20年不变?<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">最近马来西亚舆论有一场争论,事缘民主行动党元老林吉祥在英国向一群学生演讲时,有谈及马来西亚的宪法及种族的问题。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">林吉祥说得没错,只要当选国会议员且能控制议会内大多数席位者就能被元首委为首相而得以组成内阁。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">因为在独立前,根据</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1957</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年的人口统计,马来亚的马来人有</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">312</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">万余人,占人口的</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">49.8%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">;华人有</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">233</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">万余人,占人口的</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">37.2%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">;而印度人只有</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">73</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">万余人,占人口的</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">11.3%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">。总人口有</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">627</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">万</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">千人。因此由马来人领导这个国家是没有争议的。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">这也是为什么马来西亚从独立到今天都是马来人当政和出任首相的,除了马来人口占第一外,在议会内马来人也占了大多数。例如,在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年独立前的普选,其成绩如下:</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">联盟(由巫统、马华及国大党组成)巫统</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">35</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">席、马华</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">15</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">席及国大党</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">席;而伊斯兰党只赢得</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">席;拿督翁组成的国家党则全军覆没。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">这就是说,身为巫统主席的东姑阿都拉曼被委为马来亚首席部长,也没有其他人争相提名。在同一年的年底,东姑率领联盟及新加坡代表,在华玲与马共展开和谈。结果谈判破裂,因东姑坚持要马共投降缴械;而马共坚持其党的合法地位,并可参加国家举行的选举。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">谈判失败后,马共的陈平回返马泰边境,继续其武装斗争;东姑则忙于组织其内阁,并为到英国争取独立而忙碌。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年,代表团在英伦谈判成功,英国允准马来亚联合邦于</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1957</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">31</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">日独立。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">当马来亚独立时,东姑也已向最高元首宣誓出任第一任首相。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">本来这个职位是巫统创党人拿督翁最有机会的,无奈他已于</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1951</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年离开巫统,选举又选不上,也就只好让位给东姑了。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">至于槟州人口在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1957</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年时,马来人有</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">16</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">万</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">千人,占人口</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">28.8%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">;华人有</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">32</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">万</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">千人,占人口</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">57.2%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">;而印度人有</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">万</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">千人,占人口</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">12.2%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">以人口比例来算,自然是优先考虑由华人担任首席部长。为此,东姑特意推荐林苍祐担任首席部长(因林苍祐在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1955</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年的州选中,领导联盟参选</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">14</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">席全胜),但林苍祐婉拒,刚巧其父亲逝世不久,也就以此理由反而推荐王保尼出任首席部长(他们两人都是民选州议员)。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">虽然林苍祐的公开理由并不充分,东姑也尊重其决定,同意通过槟州联盟会议来决定槟州首长人选。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">据我后来的了解,林苍祐之所以未接受担任首长职,是因为他还有更大的理想,他要成为马来西亚华人的政治领袖。果不其然,在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1958</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年马华党选时,林苍祐竟成功击败陈祯禄而当选第二任马华总会长。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">根据当时的报导,在槟州联盟会议上,由林苍祐主持(他是槟州联盟主席),有两名候选人角逐首长职,一位是王保尼(由林苍祐推荐);另一位是谢成金(林苍祐的表哥),而林苍祐运用主席拥有两票的特权,全力支持王保尼。就这样,王保尼成了槟州首任首席部长。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">谢成金失败后也没有再争论此事,因为大多数人尊重林苍祐的推举,但得以被委为行政议员。许多年后,我曾问过林苍祐为何不支持“自家人”,反而支持一个外人?他没有正面回答。但我猜想,他是帮理不帮亲,又或许另有其他原因。后来的事实也证明林苍祐的眼光是眺向全国的,不局限于槟城州。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">下来的问题也许我们会问,为何马来西亚只有槟城州是由华人担任首席部长,而其他州没有?这是英殖民政府刻意留下来的。毕竟在独立前,林苍祐已被参政司(英人担任)委为首席议员,意味着他是未来的首席部长。再说,当时槟州的华人人口已超过</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">50%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">,由华人担任首席部长是没有异议的。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">此外,关于首席部长的故事,我们倒可以穿插一段真实故事。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">话说</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1990</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年的大选后,巫统仍一枝独秀,赢完所参选的</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">席,而民政党只胜</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">席;尤其是林苍祐在阴沟里翻船。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">在这种劣势下,民政党先是拒绝接受被委为首席部长。当年的槟州民政党主席陈锦华说:我们向马哈迪反建议,由马来人担任首席部长,因巫统有最多的州议席。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">但马哈迪基于现实的理由,不同意马来人担任首长。他认为这带有冒险性。因此他敦促当时的教育部长安华与民政党领袖会谈,以说服民政党推举一人担任首席部长。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">陈锦华在当时说:我们后来向马哈迪提议,若要民政党人担任首长,须要由民政党人同时担任槟岛市长才有意义。未想这个建议被接受了。就这样,许子根出任首席部长,而陈锦华也荣升槟岛市政局主席直到</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年,真是“买一送一”。这之后,许子根也在这一年接任槟州民政党主席,完成一人兼两高职的传统。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">虽然事过多年,统计局的数据已显示槟州的华人不再是最大的族群,但我的看法是,即使再过</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">20</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年,还是得由华人担任首席部长,因为华人只剩下这一“堡垒区”,如果连槟城也不保,则华人要享有第二最高荣誉也很难。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">以此推论,槟州首席部长归属华人在</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">20</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年内也不会改变。如果民主行动党不信邪,倒可以试看,在下届大选不妨推出非华人担任首席部长,以展示行动党的多元化,那么我们也就会不乐观地看到行动党已不能保住其优势。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">换句话说,我们依然相信再过</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">20</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;">年,华裔首席部长仍是槟城人的取向。</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>发布于2023年12月21日东方online: https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2023/12/21/618969</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-21631455459681441042023-12-15T17:19:00.001+08:002024-01-11T17:23:43.559+08:00这回轮到伊党压巫统<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: right;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">马来人的政治在第二次世界大战后(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1931-1945<span lang="ZH-CN">)就已出现分裂,但不是小规模的,而是大规模的。更甚的是,在分裂后寻找整合的不多,大多数是继续分裂或自我消失的。我所说的马来人政治是指由马来人组成的政党,即便有的自认为是多元种族的,但还是以马来人为主导(如拿督翁的国家党及安华的公正党)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">战后,比巫统早一年出现的是马来国民党(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1945<span lang="ZH-CN">年成立),领导人有布哈鲁丁、阿末波斯达曼及依萨。这些领导人基本上具有左翼的社会主义思想,与印尼苏卡诺领导的国民党有着密切的关系,党员一度高达</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">万名左右。</span>1950<span lang="ZH-CN">年这个党被查封,被指涉及共党活动,布哈鲁丁也被扣捕。出狱后,他于</span>1955<span lang="ZH-CN">年连同阿末布斯达曼共同组织走社会主义路线的人民党。</span>1956<span lang="ZH-CN">年布哈鲁丁离开人民党,被邀领导伊斯兰党。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1946<span lang="ZH-CN">年,第二个马来人政党——巫统,在拿督翁领导下成立了。但在</span>1951<span lang="ZH-CN">年巫统闹分裂,他另立马来亚独立党(</span>1954<span lang="ZH-CN">年易名为国家党)。</span>1955<span lang="ZH-CN">年独立前的普选中败给巫统,也就掀开东姑阿都拉曼领导的时代。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">也是在这一年,巫统又分裂了,伊斯兰党成立了。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但分裂归分裂,巫统不但成功反对英国推出的“马来亚联邦”(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Malayan
Union<span lang="ZH-CN">),而且也在</span>1948<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">月促成“马来西亚联合邦协定”的生效。在同年</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">月,英政府宣布马共为非法组织。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1957<span lang="ZH-CN">年巫统(右翼)领导马来亚取得独立,它开始面对左翼的劳工党与人民党组成的社阵(社会主义阵线)的挑战,一时之间,马来西亚政治陷入两个阵营的斗争。在一个特定的年代里彼此都卷入了东西方集团(美国和苏联)的大国博弈斗争中。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">到了</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1959<span lang="ZH-CN">年的大选,伊党夺得了</span>13<span lang="ZH-CN">个国会议席,更执政了吉兰丹和登嘉楼州政权,成为最强的反对党。而联盟则拥有</span>74<span lang="ZH-CN">席,政权稳固(总共</span>104<span lang="ZH-CN">席)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">换句话说,从</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1959<span lang="ZH-CN">年之后,伊党与巫统就在分分合合中不断斗争。由此我们也得出一个结论,这两个政党直到今天还是争个不休。先是</span>70<span lang="ZH-CN">年代,由巫统打压伊党,更在</span>1977<span lang="ZH-CN">年将伊党逐出国阵,展示了巫统的霸权政治。而伊党则不堪一击(在</span>1978<span lang="ZH-CN">年丹州选举,失掉丹州执政权;更在</span>1980<span lang="ZH-CN">年国选,伊党仅剩下</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">个国席,看来大势已去)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">未想</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年的大选又是一个大逆转。这一回是伊党打压巫统,不再是巫统颐指气使了,伊党正以逸待劳向巫统招手。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">安华虽从中斡旋,成功组成主要是三党合作的团结政府—即公正党、巫统及行动党,它们的席位分别是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">31+26+40<span lang="ZH-CN">,一共</span>97<span lang="ZH-CN">席;若再加上诚信党的</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">席,也不过</span>105<span lang="ZH-CN">席未过半数。因此它需要沙巴的人民联盟(</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">席)及砂拉越的政党联盟(</span>23<span lang="ZH-CN">席)的支持才得以巩固执政地位。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但问题是这样的组合并不是铜墙铁壁的,只要有一方倒戈相向或分裂,整个局面就会动荡起来。这也是为什么安华不久前向伊党伸出橄榄枝,希望能在未来的政局中进一步稳定执政权。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">安华这一招是福是祸,没有人知道。因为其一,安华并不是没有与伊党交过手,而是在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1978<span lang="ZH-CN">年安华未承诺伊党的邀请参与领导伊党而种下他与伊党的失和。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">其二,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2008<span lang="ZH-CN">年大选后,伊党有参与安华的民联而大大增加国会议席(</span>82<span lang="ZH-CN">席),且有</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">个州落入民联手里(其中三个州—吉打、登嘉楼和吉兰丹归伊党统治)。当年民联的国会议席:公正党</span>31<span lang="ZH-CN">席、行动党</span>28<span lang="ZH-CN">席及伊党</span>23<span lang="ZH-CN">席;来到</span>2013<span lang="ZH-CN">年,又是公正党</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">席、行动党</span>38<span lang="ZH-CN">席及伊党</span>21<span lang="ZH-CN">席,合共</span>89<span lang="ZH-CN">席。相比之下,伊党有退无进。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这不期然种下伊党的不满,好像判定伊党永远是老三而成不了老大。这与伊党想登上老大的愿望是背道而驰的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">其三,正因为这样,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2015<span lang="ZH-CN">年伊党大会上,它宣布即日起脱离民联,也没有给出令人信服的理由,决定自行上路,按自己的政策朝宗教路线走去。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">可是在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年的大选国阵在纳吉的领导下,因爆出一马有限公司的丑闻而栽了筋斗沦为反对党,只剩下</span>79<span lang="ZH-CN">席,其中巫统</span>54<span lang="ZH-CN">席(间中有人退党,减至</span>38<span lang="ZH-CN">席),而马华及国大党各</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">席,加上砂土保党</span>13<span lang="ZH-CN">席及砂人民党</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN">席,因此从未失败的国阵首次尝到败绩。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">原本兴致勃勃的伊党在选前扬言会夺得</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">40<span lang="ZH-CN">个国席而成为造王者,讵料事与愿违,它只夺得</span>18<span lang="ZH-CN">席,初时与政权擦肩而过。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">国阵的沉沦,预示着巫统、马华和国大党已是日落西山,失去往昔的光芒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">反观崛起的希盟,选前在马哈迪成立的土团党加盟下(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2016<span lang="ZH-CN">年),一举拿下执政权,而马哈迪则二度拜相。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但仅是执政两年,希盟又闹分裂。先是马哈迪辞首相职试探反应。讵料在慕尤丁及阿兹敏的策划下,连同巫统部分议员,再加上伊党议员一起推翻希盟执政权(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年的“喜来登政变),政局为之一新。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">又是不到两年,在巫统压力下,促成第十五届大选提早在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年底举行。这一仗马哈迪的斗士党全军覆没,连其本人也在阴沟里翻船。而巫统也进一步暴露自己的软弱,参选</span>119<span lang="ZH-CN">席只赢得</span>26<span lang="ZH-CN">席,马华依然保住两席及国大党</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">席,整个国阵溃不成军。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这又再进入了两个大集团的夺权斗争,一个是以土团党(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">31<span lang="ZH-CN">席)和伊党(</span>43<span lang="ZH-CN">席)为首的国盟;而另一个则以安华为首的希盟则努力争取更多的支持以压下国盟,即公正党</span>31<span lang="ZH-CN">席、行动党</span>40<span lang="ZH-CN">席、诚信党</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">席,如果能将巫统及其盟友</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">席拉过来,就形成</span>109<span lang="ZH-CN">席;再加上砂拉越政党联盟的</span>23<span lang="ZH-CN">席及沙巴人民联盟的</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">席,已有</span>138<span lang="ZH-CN">席。如果再加上最近有</span>4<span lang="ZH-CN">名土团党议员在不退党下宣布支持安华,安华已拥有</span>142<span lang="ZH-CN">席的支持,超过</span>2/3<span lang="ZH-CN">国会议员(总数</span>222<span lang="ZH-CN">)的支持,不需要向伊党示好。但政治斗争只有强和弱,没有对和错,安华的战略也是看到未来的马来政治还是聚焦在巫统与伊党的身上,谁能在这场角逐中取得优势,谁就能主导马来西亚的马来政治和全民的政治。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">因此我们只能放眼这一批几乎是来自巫统的政治精英如何在角力中脱颖而出?过去是巫统打压伊党;今天是伊党反过来打压巫统。风水轮流转莫过于此。这就是政治的现实和现实的政治了。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>发布于2023年12月14日东方online: https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2023/12/14/617514</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-84671479866454370892023-12-12T15:42:00.002+08:002024-01-31T15:45:20.155+08:00化解巫统危机看安华<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">巫统前卫生部长凯里去年</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">11<span lang="ZH-CN">月时在电视网络专栏中指出:希盟政府;尤其是公正党在执政后的表现犹如过去所憎恨的巫统。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">凯里是前巫统青年团团长,也是前卫生部长。但在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年大选中败北,后来被巫统开除。他是第五任首相阿都拉的女婿。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">与此同时,前首相马哈迪也作出严厉的批评。他说,如果巫统继续与行动党在一起,巫统的支持率就会下降。他认为,在下一届(第十六届)大选中,巫统将会彻底失败。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">其实种族政治由来已久,也历久不衰,比如战后</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1946<span lang="ZH-CN">年成立的巫统,旨在反对英国推行的“马来亚联邦”(</span>Malayan Union<span lang="ZH-CN">),因为此协议没有保障苏丹的地位,也没有保留马来人的特别地位。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当巫统迫使英国取消马来亚联邦后,就接受英国于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1948<span lang="ZH-CN">年提出的“马来亚联合邦协定”,并宣布马共为非法组织。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1951<span lang="ZH-CN">年巫统分列,创党人拿督翁因巫统未接纳其修改党章,容许非马来人入党愤而退党。在</span>1951<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN">月另立马来亚独立党,</span>1954<span lang="ZH-CN">年易名为国家党。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这是马来人在政治上的第一次决裂。而第二次分裂发生在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1951<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月,有人从巫统退党而成立了伊斯兰党,马来人变成三分天下的分割局面。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然如此,巫统在历届选举中都拔了头筹,政治地位越来越强大,分裂对它来说只是等闲之事。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在这之后,巫统也有过分裂,如前农长另立国民议会党(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1963<span lang="ZH-CN">年),东姑拉沙里另立</span>46<span lang="ZH-CN">精神党(</span>1988<span lang="ZH-CN">年)及安华于</span>1999<span lang="ZH-CN">年另立国民公正党,但都无法撼倒巫统。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">巫统也因之被认为是固若金汤的政党,纳吉甚至一度扬言“巫统是千年不倒”的政党。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">无形中,巫统成了马来人的保护伞,党员一度超过</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">300<span lang="ZH-CN">万名,是所有政党难望其项背的。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但没有人预料到的是,竟是巫统的人在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年扳倒巫统,这个人就是马哈迪。他在</span>2015<span lang="ZH-CN">年联手慕尤丁从巫统分裂出来,成立了土著团结党,并在</span>2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年与希盟的安华联手一起来一个“改朝换代”,把巫统赶下台。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">可是上台的希盟也在两年后闹分裂而失去政权,代之而起的是慕尤丁联合巫统及伊党搞出“喜来登政变”,挽救了巫统在半生不死中得到了生存的机会。更想不到的是,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年大选时安华战略奏效,摇身一变将巫统揽在怀里,开始他个人魅力的执政。但这对巫统一点好处也没有,除了拿到官职和被安抚的人选被安插在官制机制内,它已非昔日呼风唤雨的“大哥大”,反而成为希盟的“二奶”,也难怪凯里讽刺安华的公正党也与巫统一样正在往下沉。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如今表面上希盟仍是三分天下:公正党(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">31<span lang="ZH-CN">席)、行动党(</span>40<span lang="ZH-CN">席)及巫统(</span>26<span lang="ZH-CN">席),加上马华及国大党</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN">席合成</span>29<span lang="ZH-CN">席,只能达成</span>100<span lang="ZH-CN">席(未达半数),只有加上砂拉越的</span>23<span lang="ZH-CN">席及沙巴的</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">席才能拥有超过</span>2/3<span lang="ZH-CN">多数席。这样的团结政府,既不健全,也非长远之计。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在未来的日子里,若安华持续依靠其他友党的支持和同情以维持执政是危机大于契机的,除非安华能“收复”巫统(因为巫统已宣布将支持安华继续执政),又能让东马政党继续靠拢希盟,否则当下</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">18<span lang="ZH-CN">个政党组成的团结政府,也实在搞笑和不切实际。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">既然今天的安华已成为巫统的“新领袖”,那么为了拯救巫统和整个希盟,安华有必要做出应变之道,由巫统邀请安华回来领导巫统,这也许是巫统可行和唯一的求生之道。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然有人说,安华的公正党已是多元种族的政党,如何回到从前来领导种族性政党?这不是问题的焦点,当年(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1954<span lang="ZH-CN">年)林苍祐抛弃急进党(多元性政党),鼓励党员加入马华,不是如出一辙吗?因此若要让巫统生存,巫统和希盟必须有所改变。今天安华也要扪心自问,公正党的真正华人领袖在哪里?是蔡添强和李文材吗?还是郑立慷?其实众人所认识的是除了安华外,还有拉菲兹、法米和赛夫丁等人而已。若回归本位又有什么错?毕竟在一个相当长的时间里,种族政治依然是主导国家的政治方向。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果要让过去的安定局面重现,我国应该建立一个比较健全的两党制,而不是乱七八糟的小党也凑个热闹,岂不是将治国当儿戏吗?</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 刊登于2023年12月11日《南洋商报》</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-91510923862305594652023-12-10T17:05:00.001+08:002024-01-11T17:16:54.970+08:00山苏里狂胜的启示<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不出所料</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">,<span lang="ZH-CN">现任登嘉楼州务大臣山苏里(国盟伊斯兰党)赢得了甘马挽国会议席的补选。但令人预想不到的是</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">他竟以</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN">万</span>4998<span lang="ZH-CN">票狂胜国阵</span>/<span lang="ZH-CN">巫统的候选人(只得</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN">万</span>7778<span lang="ZH-CN">张票),比对手多出</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN">万</span>7220<span lang="ZH-CN">张票。换句话说</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">胜利者的得票超过对手的两倍,这是罕见的记录。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">补选起因于登嘉楼州的甘马挽国席,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年的</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月国会选举中</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">由国盟的伊党候选人仄阿里哈密胜出</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">击败前登州州务大臣阿末赛益(得票是</span>65714<span lang="ZH-CN">张对</span>38535<span lang="ZH-CN">票)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">经上诉后</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">,<span lang="ZH-CN">高庭判决这次选举有贿选之举,乃判选举无效,团而才有这场万众瞩目的补选。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于志在必得</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">,<span lang="ZH-CN">伊党派出了登嘉楼州务大臣山苏里迎战国阵</span>/<span lang="ZH-CN">巫统派出的将军候选人</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">他就是前国防部司令拉惹莫哈末阿芬里将军。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">巫统之所以挑选曾是军中将领人才当候选人是因为巫统也需要塑造新的形象,以争取选民的支持。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在甘马挽共有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">14<span lang="ZH-CN">万</span>1790<span lang="ZH-CN">名选民,本次出来投票的选民有</span>65.7%<span lang="ZH-CN">。分析之下</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">伊党的山苏里得票占</span>70.1%<span lang="ZH-CN">,而比去年伊党的得票率占</span>58.11%<span lang="ZH-CN">来得更高。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据政论学者碧莉洁的选前分析,她是看好伊党会胜。虽然巫统费尽心思推出掷地有声的候选人,但以他的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">66<span lang="ZH-CN">些高龄来争取年轻选民是没有多大帮助的,巫统仍然沉迷在高大威武的形象中</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN">没有思及如何向选民承诺现在和未来的计划。巫统显然不清楚如何反击伊党。反之,伊党打出的是本士牌,进而希望推出的候选人能有朝一日成为国家首相(连前首相马哈迪也这样说)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不知道是否思想有所改变,伊党主席哈迪阿旺这次所派出的候选人是有经验的官僚精英,而不再强调宗教学者。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">山苏里博士(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dr. Ahmad
Samsuri Mokhtar)<span lang="ZH-CN">今年</span>53<span lang="ZH-CN">岁,出生于勿述,毕业于英国利兹大学,主修航空系,拥有博士学位,曾出任博特拉大学的宇航工程系主任。他在朋友圈中被昵称为“</span>Sam<span lang="ZH-CN">博士”。在</span>2008<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,他担任党主席哈迪阿旺的政治秘书。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">日登嘉楼“改朝换代”下,他被伊党推荐出任登嘉楼州务大臣,接着在</span>2023<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">日再次蝉联,第二度出任州务大臣。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">因为表现特出,他在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2019<span lang="ZH-CN">年已当选伊党副主席直到今天。有人推测他可能有机会在将来成为哈迪阿旺的接班人。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不过令人震惊的是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">,<span lang="ZH-CN">这位政坛彗星在今年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月补选期间通过社交媒体</span>TikTok<span lang="ZH-CN">的访谈透露他曾患上鼻咽癌(</span>2008<span lang="ZH-CN">年之后),已经是进入第三期,也快要进入第四期。这是他人生最低潮的阶段。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当被确诊后,他第一个通知的人是党主席哈迪阿旺(因他当时是其政治秘书),第二个联络人则是他的妻子。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">结果在党主席、党同僚及家人与朋友的鼓励下,他进行了</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">7<span lang="ZH-CN">次化疗和</span>35<span lang="ZH-CN">次电疗。在治疗期间,他曾有一年无法进食,只能喝牛奶充饥,味觉也受到影响,吃东西时完全没有味道,也觉得舌头里有金属味。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">他感谢各方的关怀和家人的照料,使他战胜了癌症而勇敢面对人生。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">他因此鼓励患者不要放弃希望,坚持治疗,并轻松和以平常心及勇敢地面对生活,一定可以战胜病魔而痊愈。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">至于有人高调指他有拜相的一天,他轻松说,他参政不是要当首相,但如果有一天被委以重任,他会作出考虑。此事也许比较“遥远”,我们暂不议论。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">翻查纪录,从</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2004<span lang="ZH-CN">年开始的</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">年间,甘马挽一向来是巫统的囊中物,比如在</span>2004<span lang="ZH-CN">年巫统的阿未沙比里仄取胜公正党的候选人。接着在</span>2008<span lang="ZH-CN">年及</span>2013<span lang="ZH-CN">年的大选都是巫统的安全区,直到</span>2018<span lang="ZH-CN">年的大选才被伊党攻克。自此之后,伊党已成为甘马挽的主人。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但我们不知道这位政治明星能否影响伊党的强烈宗教观,目前的伊党在其控制的吉打州,也出了一位名嘴山努西,如果他能与登嘉楼的山苏里一唱一和,说不定可以在政治圈内淡化宗教色彩。这是非常重要的战略,因为在马来西亚有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">63.5%<span lang="ZH-CN">是穆斯林,而其他宗教也被自由存在。因此我国向土耳其看齐,让政教分离是未来必经的道路。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然从聂阿兹到法兹诺,再到现任的哈迪阿旺都是穆斯林的学者,他们也曾一度希望能伊斯兰化马来西亚。其实,在八十年代中期,当安华被马哈迪召入巫统和内阁时,他们两人已开始在行政上伊斯兰化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但不论是马哈迪或安华,他们都适可而止地推动伊斯兰教的发展,也曾警惕宗教上避免过于政治化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">今天,在东马的砂拉越及沙巴是多元宗教的,对所有的宗教一视同仁。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">只有在马来半岛因历史的因素和马六甲王朝在十五世纪建立,自然与伊斯兰教有较多的挤触。但我们都要记取历屈首相对宗教的推动也因时因地而异,避免触及敏感课题。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">近年来马来西亚禁止</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3R<span lang="ZH-CN">(种族、宗教和王室的议论)就是希望人民能守法和不做越轨的举动。只要当政者走中庸路线,力求种族间的平衡,必然可以阻止不必要的纷争和争执。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当今放治世界,从中东以巴战争到俄乌战争所呈现的断垣残瓦,人民流离失所,而哀鸿遍野的凄景,已强烈告诉我们战争带来的破坏和危险。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就此而言,马来西亚十分庆幸地能在和平与安宁中生活。如果我们不珍惜眼前的和谐,当和平不存在时,我们要去哪里寻找安身立命的和平乐土呢?</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> 发布于2023年12月7日东方online: https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2023/12/07/616004</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-35533950776214555592023-12-05T16:58:00.002+08:002024-01-31T15:44:45.621+08:00改写中美历史的三个人<div><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">美国前国务卿、著名的政治家及中国的老朋友亨利基辛格(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Henry
Kissinger<span lang="ZH-CN">)于</span>2023<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>29<span lang="ZH-CN">日以百岁高龄与世长辞,结束了他灿烂而又有争论性的一生。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这位在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1923<span lang="ZH-CN">年出生的学霸原是诞生于德国的犹太家庭,在</span>1938<span lang="ZH-CN">年举家逃离纳粹统治的德国而来到纽约,并在哈佛大学取得学士、硕士及博士学位,先留校教导国际关系。在</span>1957<span lang="ZH-CN">年他出版了第一著作《核战争与外交政策》,因而名气鹊起,成了纽约州长及总统候选人纳尔逊·洛克菲勒(</span>Nelson
Aldrich Rockefeller<span lang="ZH-CN">)的助手。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">但在尼克逊于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1968<span lang="ZH-CN">年入主白宫后,他就延揽基辛格担任国家安全顾问。于是在</span>1969<span lang="ZH-CN">年开启了他的从政生涯,时年</span>46<span lang="ZH-CN">岁。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在尼克逊蝉联总统后,基辛格更上一层楼,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1973<span lang="ZH-CN">年出任国务卿(相等于一国总理或外长)。不幸的因水门丑闻,尼克逊于</span>1974<span lang="ZH-CN">年辞总统职,交棒给副总统福特,但基辛格国务卿地位不变,直到</span>1976<span lang="ZH-CN">年福特连任失败后,基辛格才失去其国务卿官职,回到大学执教。前后他出任高级官员不过是</span>7<span lang="ZH-CN">年(</span>1969-1976<span lang="ZH-CN">),但他在这</span>7<span lang="ZH-CN">年之内所取得的成就是无与伦比的,也是足以震撼世界的。这半个世纪以来,人们还是对他的成就津津乐道。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为什么基辛格有如此令人刮目相看的政绩?这是与当时的时代背景及基辛格的个人魅力是息息相关的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就我们对中国近代史的认识,有三个美国人是与中国政局变化和演进是分不开的,他们曾扭转了世界对中国的看法。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">·第一位是司徒雷登。在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1949<span lang="ZH-CN">年中共临近解放全中国前夕,毛泽东主席在</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>18<span lang="ZH-CN">日给美国驻华大使司徒雷登(</span>John Leighton Stuart<span lang="ZH-CN">)离华后发出一封公开信《别了,司徒雷登》。文中对司徒雷登的离去表示欢迎,也谴责美国在此时发表“白皮书”,对中国充斥敌意,因而形容这是一部反革命的书,毛泽东也公开指责美帝国主义干涉中国的内政。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">就美国的封锁政策,毛泽东说:“封锁吧,十年八年,中国的一切问题都解决了,中国人连死都不怕,还怕困难吗?”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(司徒雷登(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1876-1962<span lang="ZH-CN">)出生于中国杭州,父母均为美国在华传教士。</span>1919<span lang="ZH-CN">年任燕京大学校长,而在</span>1946<span lang="ZH-CN">年被委为美国驻华大使。但中美在断交</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">年(</span>1942-1979<span lang="ZH-CN">)后才恢复邦交。司徒雷登也成了现代中美断交的见证人。虽有遗憾,但中美复交</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">年后火种再燃)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">·第二位是埃德加·斯诺(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Edgar Snow<span lang="ZH-CN">)(</span>1905-1972<span lang="ZH-CN">)。他出版的《西行漫记》(</span>Red Star Over
China<span lang="ZH-CN">)是第一部描述在毛泽东领导下的延安面貌,让西方世界第一次知道有这一股势力在偏僻的乡区与蒋介石的国民党进行持久而顽强的斗争(毛泽东的“从农村包围城市”理论也就得以确立)。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这位作者在中国解放后成为中国政府的贵宾;尤其是毛泽东在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1970<span lang="ZH-CN">年中国建国</span>21<span lang="ZH-CN">周年时,特别邀请斯诺登上天安门,并通过他向美国总统尼克逊投石问路,希望他能来华访问。结果在</span>1971<span lang="ZH-CN">年有了基辛格秘密访华的安排。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">·第三位就是基辛格了。在六十年代初,中苏关系因意识形态的斗争演变成两国论战作为起点,其中以</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1969<span lang="ZH-CN">年珍宝岛冲突达到高潮。美国希望争取中国倾向美国,也就透露苏联已陈兵百万在中苏边界,希望中美牵制苏联不要轻举妄动。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">最大的巧合是尼克逊访华前一年,联合国大会通过接纳中华人民共和国入会,取代台湾的中华民国地位,预示着世界将有一个翻天覆地的变化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">果不其然,美国总统在基辛格等一行人陪同下,于</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1972<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">月对中国进行破冰之旅。世界的焦点全都集中中美的身上,毛泽东用小银球带动大银球(世界)转动,也是前所未有的四两拨千斤。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当中美关系好转后,许多变化接踵而来,从</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1980<span lang="ZH-CN">年到</span>2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年整整的</span>40<span lang="ZH-CN">年间,中国的变化叫人瞠目结舌。直到</span>2017<span lang="ZH-CN">年特朗普上台及</span>2020<span lang="ZH-CN">年拜登接棒,更加掀起反华和反共舆论,企图让世界再一次颠倒过来,但费了九牛二虎之力,美国还是未能撼倒中国,说穿了世界不靖不会给美国加分,也不会给中国减分。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">今天基辛格走了,但他遗留下的丰碑(中美建交)会让世人想起尼克逊、基辛格、毛泽东和周恩来曾经立下的世界和平誓约是永恒与不变的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div>刊登于2023年12月4日《南洋商报》Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-86818714698457717732023-11-29T15:04:00.004+08:002023-11-29T15:04:22.591+08:00评安华拜相一周年<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; text-align: right;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">安华是在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>24<span lang="ZH-CN">日出任第十任首相,虽然这是迟来的春天,但在</span>24<span lang="ZH-CN">年后终于让安华圆了首相梦。因此我形容安华是“少年得志,大器晚成”,理由是他在年轻时已是风头甚健的新一代,而直到晚年才真正地攀上政治巅峰。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">屈指算来,安华任相刚满一周年,也就有各种不同的评论,乃至民调的出现。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据默迪卡民调中心在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>23<span lang="ZH-CN">日公布的民调结果显示,安华的支持率已从去年</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月的</span>68%<span lang="ZH-CN">跌剩今日的</span>50%<span lang="ZH-CN">,下滑了</span>18%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">而民众对团结政府的不满也从去年</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">12<span lang="ZH-CN">月的</span>25%<span lang="ZH-CN">上升到</span>48%<span lang="ZH-CN">,其中最为不满的是巫裔,达</span>60%<span lang="ZH-CN">;接下来是印裔</span>52%<span lang="ZH-CN">、华裔</span>30%<span lang="ZH-CN">及非穆斯林土著</span>23%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">默迪卡中心是根据今年</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">10<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>4<span lang="ZH-CN">日至</span>24<span lang="ZH-CN">日开展的民调期间,共访问了</span>1220<span lang="ZH-CN">位选民,所得到的结论是,综合起来有</span>60%<span lang="ZH-CN">的选民认为国家正走着错误的方向,只有</span>31%<span lang="ZH-CN">的人持正面的看法。调查报告也显示,绝大多数受访者(</span>80%<span lang="ZH-CN">)认为主要是经济问题。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">持平而言,在安华的领导下,政局是较为稳定也没有跳槽之风;尤其是在国会下议院,安华领导的团结政府已拥有超过</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2/3<span lang="ZH-CN">的多数席,根本无须担心“不信任动议”的通过。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于安华在国际的影响力也善于在大国之间搞平衡战略,因此马来西亚的外交政策算是展示其“独立”的外交。例如最近以巴冲突引发战争而导致安华的表现过于心急,除了安排学校举办“援巴周”外,也大手笔捐献</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1<span lang="ZH-CN">亿令吉予巴勒斯坦,不为美国立场而定调。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">我们可以理解安华的心态是不想在行动上落在伊斯兰党之后,也就一反再反,比伊党更热衷反以。这本是无可厚非的事,但身为执政党,安华就要谨慎行事,他必须考虑到埃及、约旦、摩洛哥、阿联酋及苏丹等国的感受,因为它们和以色列有邦交。因此安华所得的评分是正负各一半。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">此外,我们对安华上任以来未能稳定马币的汇率感到失望与焦虑。目前的马币已跌至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4.70<span lang="ZH-CN">令吉兑</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">美元,严重影响进口贸易。即使政府在近期内不断公布外资将大量涌进我国,但真正入驻和开厂的有几家?尤其是在马币软弱,利息偏低及缺乏吸引力引进外币投入我国市场下,马来西亚的汇率要回到昔日</span>4<span lang="ZH-CN">令吉兑</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">美元的时代似乎是一去不复返了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">比较让我们关注的是安华对伊党政策的转变,其一是安华宣布将在州内设立特别委员会以授权扩大回教法庭的权力。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在这之前,伊党主席哈迪阿旺不断要求国会通过</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">355<span lang="ZH-CN">私人法案以增加回教法庭的权力,但尚未能如愿。如果安华同意绕过国会,通过州委员会来提高回教法庭的权限,就是明显卖账给伊党。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">还有近期伊党反对英国摇滚乐队</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Coldplay<span lang="ZH-CN">来马演出,而安华持相反意见,他认为有关乐团是支持巴勒斯坦的,应准予演出。结果有关演出在</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>22<span lang="ZH-CN">日举行。但安华还得向伊教组织解释和了解情况。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">为此,随之而出现的是伊党也反对在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">12<span lang="ZH-CN">月举行的世界华贵小姐(</span>Miss World Noble Queen<span lang="ZH-CN">)比赛,理由是巴勒斯坦人民正受苦受难时,不宜举行这类活动。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">更为重要的是,安华已邀约伊党加入团结政府,虽然对方尚未正面回答,但安华希望能将伊党拉拢过来,毕竟伊党有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">43<span lang="ZH-CN">位国会议员,比安华的公正党</span>31<span lang="ZH-CN">席多了</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">席。因此安华比较看重的是马来人的政治势力,特别是伊党。一旦伊党走向与公正党合作,那么土团党的地位就更岌岌可危了。安华并没有邀约土团党加入,似乎有孤立之嫌。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如果巫统在下一届大选时还不能抬头(目前有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">26<span lang="ZH-CN">席),回不到昔日的几乎占半的议席,那么接下来的马来政治将由哪方主导就是一个大问题了。除非安华被邀请加入领导巫统,让巫统恢复辉煌,否则看不出有谁能挽救下沉的巫统?</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">今天安华的公正党、诚信党及行动党都不可能一党独大,联合政府是必然的安排,只是像如今的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">18<span lang="ZH-CN">个政党组成的团结政府也是弊病多端,倒不如将政党重组和统一,让两大集团在政坛上争一日之长短,或许能使民主巩固下来。因此安华当下的当务之急是用政策改善民间疾苦,而不只是向种族政治靠拢。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>刊登于2023年11月27日《南洋商报》</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2054441021922863656.post-2480120096168548542023-11-24T16:48:00.001+08:002024-01-11T17:05:11.651+08:00迟来的春天<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">这是迟来的喜讯,但还是值得拥抱与热烈欢迎,中马建交</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">49<span lang="ZH-CN">年后,马中双方终于宣布从今年</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">日起到明年的</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">日,马中两国人民可以免签证出入境,马来西亚人获准在中国逗留</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">天,而中国人来马则享有</span>30<span lang="ZH-CN">天免签的便利。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然这不是惊天动地的大事,但对马来西亚人来说,无疑是久候的佳音;尤其对马来西亚的华人更是感概万千,千呼万唤始出来。马中两国终于排除重重阻力和障碍,其中的辛酸也是笔墨难以形容的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">根据历史纪录,马新是中国人南迁的首选。自</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1840<span lang="ZH-CN">年鸦片战争,清廷战败后,就有成群结队的华人从中国南来,大部分都在马新定居,只有小部分返回中国。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在战后的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1947<span lang="ZH-CN">年,马来亚有华人</span>188<span lang="ZH-CN">万余人,占人口比率的</span>38.4%<span lang="ZH-CN">,总人口是</span>490<span lang="ZH-CN">万人。而到了</span>1957<span lang="ZH-CN">年马来亚独立时,华人已增至</span>233<span lang="ZH-CN">万余人,占总人口的</span>37.2%<span lang="ZH-CN">,总人口已达至</span>602<span lang="ZH-CN">余万人。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">至于新加坡,在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1947<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,华人人口有</span>73<span lang="ZH-CN">万,占总人口的</span>77.6%<span lang="ZH-CN">;而到了</span>1957<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,华人人口已达到</span>100<span lang="ZH-CN">余万,占总人口的</span>75.4%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">砂拉越华人在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1947<span lang="ZH-CN">年时有</span>14<span lang="ZH-CN">余万人,占总人口的</span>26.6%<span lang="ZH-CN">。在</span>1960<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,华人人口增至</span>22<span lang="ZH-CN">万,占总人口的</span>30.8%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">沙巴在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1951<span lang="ZH-CN">年时有</span>7.4<span lang="ZH-CN">万华人,占总人口的</span>22.2%<span lang="ZH-CN">。而到了</span>1960<span lang="ZH-CN">年时,华人增至</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN">万</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN">千人,占总人口的</span>23.1%<span lang="ZH-CN">。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">从纪录中我们也看到马新的华人移民增长最多且最快,但在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1949<span lang="ZH-CN">年毛泽东主席建立了中华人民共和国后,移民马新的华人就慢了下来。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">其中以我的叔父为例,他在解放前夕决定回乡下娶妻;而在解放后他就多次申请回马却未批,他与他的哥哥(我的父亲)也就从此不再相见。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">我记得在七十年代,马来西亚政府有允许华人赴中国探亲、治病和探病,但得申请,我虽然为父亲申请赴华的护照和签证,但因父亲年纪已大,行动不便,也就迟迟未能再返回家乡直到逝世,他惟有带着遗憾离开人世间。因为政治关系,因此有许多南来的华人都没有机会与亲属再见一面而撒手尘寰。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">事实上我们较年轻一代如果不是马来西亚政府开放给国人前往中国参加广交会,那也是没有捷径可走的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">我就是趁马政府的有限度开放的八十年代踏上中国的国土,当时的手续是向国企申请批准函,批准后才向中国申请签证。不过当年国企只批准商家参加广州的交易会,一般上并没有允许到其他省份访问。这主要是中国进入社会主义制度后,与马来西亚是走着不同的体制,也就对华人与中国亲属的交往有所限制。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在六十年代、七十年代,甚至八十年代马来西亚的亲属都会通过特定的兑汇局寄上衣物及必需品,也有汇款给家乡进行修屋和建设。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">虽然在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1974<span lang="ZH-CN">年马中已缔结邦交,更在</span>1975<span lang="ZH-CN">年互换大使且有大使馆之设,但仍然对访华的条件有所约束。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">此外,凡是到中国访问的外来客由</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1980<span lang="ZH-CN">年起就要向银行购买“外汇券”(外汇券不是货币,而是中国银行发出的证件(</span>Certificate<span lang="ZH-CN">),可当钱币使用。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">初时外汇券与人民币是同等价值的,后来因为用外汇券可以向电器店购买大件家庭用品,如冰箱、洗衣机、冷气机等。有一个时期,外汇券身价提升,用</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1<span lang="ZH-CN">元的外汇券可兑换</span>1.30<span lang="ZH-CN">人民币,甚至更高。不过在中国经济好转后,于</span>1995<span lang="ZH-CN">年正式废除外汇券,而是直接用人民币交易。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">同时在八十年代,马来西亚的钱币兑换商并不流行人民币,因此我们一般上得到中国后才向银行购买。有时为方便购买较贵重的物品,也带美元进入中国。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">当转入千禧年时,我们都认为既然中国已废除外汇券,不再是“一国两币”后,说不定再过几年就是让外国游客豁免签证,随时可直接进入中国访问。可是我们左等右等,都等不到豁免签证。直到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2023<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>11<span lang="ZH-CN">月份,政府才宣布从</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN">月起马来西亚人可免签访问中国</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN">天。即使中国方面宣布实行</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">年后再作检讨,我们希望也相信双方的人民会依法入境,也不在异国犯罪,以保持马中两国的友好情谊而持久豁免签证。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">老实说,我也不知道为什么马中的免签证直到今年</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">12<span lang="ZH-CN">月才落实?我曾私下问过中国方面的友人,他们告知马方认为需要继续申请签证,因为担心有人逾期未出境,这在千禧年之前,可能会发生的事。但在此之后,中国的发展几乎是日新月异,也就不需要假借中国过境潜移其他国家;尤其是中国经济大步起飞后,中国人或比马来西亚人更有钱,生活条件也不差,不会存在中国人“流连忘返”的事件。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">由于马中存在着久远的历史关系,因此在游客及贸易方面都有亮丽的成绩单。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2022<span lang="ZH-CN">年马中双边贸易额达</span>2035.9<span lang="ZH-CN">亿美元,比</span>2021<span lang="ZH-CN">年增长</span>15.3%<span lang="ZH-CN">。其中马方出口占</span>1098.8<span lang="ZH-CN">亿美元;而中方出口占</span>937.1<span lang="ZH-CN">亿美元。就东南亚地区而言,中国已连续</span>14<span lang="ZH-CN">年成为马来西亚最大的贸易伙伴。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在投资方面,截至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2023<span lang="ZH-CN">年</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN">月底,马方累计在华投资</span>91.2<span lang="ZH-CN">亿美元;而中国在马方各类投资已累计至</span>172<span lang="ZH-CN">亿美元。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">在旅游业方面,以</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2019<span lang="ZH-CN">年的数字为最高峰(疫情之前),中国公民访马有</span>241.23<span lang="ZH-CN">万人次;而马来西亚公民访华也达到</span>138.35<span lang="ZH-CN">万人次。在统计下,中国已连续</span>7<span lang="ZH-CN">年是马来西亚在东盟的重要游客来源地。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">如今我国也希望在疫情好转及入境签证放宽下能在今年招到更多的中国游客来马,有人估计截至今年底来马中国游客可能会达到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">120<span lang="ZH-CN">万人次,这是比</span>2019<span lang="ZH-CN">年(疫情前)少了一半,但也显见再接下来我国会迎来更多的中国访客。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">平心而论,如果中国游客少来,我国的经济会受到较大的冲击和打击。因此我国首相安华宣布马方将敞开大门欢迎更多的中国公民访问与旅行,特别是马来西亚在东南亚国家中,华语是最通用和中华文化是最流行的重要国家之一。到头来马来西亚还是会继续成为中国游客的最爱。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>发布于2023年11月23日东方online: https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/mingjia/2023/11/30/614307</p>Cheah See Kian(谢诗坚)http://www.blogger.com/profile/11218795452812301187noreply@blogger.com0